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| Cytochrome c ** The term "release of cytochrome c" ** an increase in level for the cytosol. Small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. The term "release of cytochrome c" refers to a critical step in the process of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. In its new location—the cytosol—cytochrome c participates in the apoptotic signaling pathway by helping to form the apoptosome, which activates caspases that execute cell death. Cytochrome c is a small protein normally located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its primary role in healthy cells is to participate in the electron transport chain, a process that helps produce energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability leads to the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The release of cytochrome c is a pivotal event in apoptosis where cytochrome c moves from the mitochondria to the cytosol, initiating a chain reaction that leads to programmed cell death. On the one hand, cytochrome c can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by regulating the activity of various signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. This can lead to increased cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, which are hallmarks of cancer. On the other hand, cytochrome c can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells by interacting with other proteins, such as Apaf-1 and caspase-9. This can lead to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which can result in the death of cancer cells. Overexpressed in Breast, Lung, Colon, and Prostrate. Underexpressed in Ovarian, and Pancreatic. |
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia |
| 5341- | Ajoene, | Ajoene (natural garlic compound): a new anti-leukaemia agent for AML therapy |
| - | Review, | AML, | NA |
| 1526- | Ba, | Baicalein induces apoptosis through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway in HL-60 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 2718- | BetA, | The anti-cancer effect of betulinic acid in u937 human leukemia cells is mediated through ROS-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | U937 |
| 1448- | Bos, | A triterpenediol from Boswellia serrata induces apoptosis through both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in human leukemia HL-60 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 5914- | Cats, | Induction of apoptosis by Uncaria tomentosa through reactive oxygen species production, cytochrome c release, and caspases activation in human leukemia cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 481- | CUR, | CHr, | Api, | Flavonoid-induced glutathione depletion: Potential implications for cancer treatment |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 | - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 1086- | GA, | Anti-leukemic effects of gallic acid on human leukemia K562 cells: downregulation of COX-2, inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase and NF-κB inactivation |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | K562 |
| 831- | GAR, | CUR, | Induction of apoptosis by garcinol and curcumin through cytochrome c release and activation of caspases in human leukemia HL-60 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 5114- | JG, | Juglone, from Juglans mandshruica Maxim, inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in human leukemia cell HL-60 through a reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 2005- | PLB, | Plumbagin induces apoptosis in lymphoma cells via oxidative stress mediated glutathionylation and inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKP1/2) |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | EL4 | - | in-vitro, | AML, | Jurkat |
| 5221- | TQ, | Thymoquinone induces apoptosis through activation of caspase-8 and mitochondrial events in p53-null myeloblastic leukemia HL-60 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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