| Source: |
| Type: |
HMG‐CoA (3‐hydroxy-3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A)
Mevalonate pathway → Primary pathway entry
-HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) → rate-limiting node / druggable target
-Downstream nodes: prenylation, cholesterol synthesis, CoQ
HMG‐CoA is not a single enzyme but rather a key metabolic intermediate in the mevalonate pathway that underlies cholesterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis. – HMG‐CoA is a pivotal intermediate formed from acetyl‐CoA (via the enzyme HMG‐CoA synthase) that subsequently undergoes reduction (via HMG‐CoA reductase) to produce mevalonate. – The mevalonate pathway supplies cholesterol and other isoprenoids, which are essential for membrane biogenesis, protein prenylation, and other cellular functions that support cell proliferation and survival. – The availability of HMG‐CoA and subsequent metabolites has implications for modifying cell signaling pathways, including those involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. – Markers of an activated mevalonate pathway (such as increased expression of HMG‐CoA synthase or HMG‐CoA reductase) have been associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes in several cancer types, including breast, prostate, and liver cancers. |
| Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 overexpression has been noted in various cancers.
PI3Ks/AKT pathways are over-activated in several types of cancers. EGFR altered activity has been noted in various pathological conditions. However, its regulation is an important step in the inhibition of cancer. In this regard, EGCG shows a pivotal role in the inhibition of EGFR activity. Activating protein-1 transcription factor has been associated with pathogenesis including cancer. Activation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is required for the growth of numerous tissues and organs and recent evidence indicates that this pathway is often recruited to stimulate growth of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and to orchestrate the reprogramming of cancer cells via epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Increased expression of Nanog has been associated with the aggressive nature of certain cancers, highlighting its role in promoting cancer stem cell characteristics. The aberrant hedgehog (Hh)/GLI signaling pathway causes the formation and progression of a variety of tumors. The process of cell apoptosis is often accompanied by the destruction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which is widely regarded as one of the earliest events in the process of cell apoptosis. Human malignancies frequently exhibit mutations in the TGF-β pathway, and overactivation of this system is linked to tumor growth by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting the innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses50. Several studies have demonstrated that high cyclin D1 expression was observed in cancers including breast, lung, prostate, lymph node and colorectal cancers [23–25]. The oncogene c-myc, which is frequently over-expressed in cancer cells, is involved in the transactivation of most of the glycolytic enzymes including lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and the glucose transporter GLUT1 [51,52]. Thus, c-myc activation is a likely candidate to promote the enhanced glucose uptake and lactate release in the proliferating cancer cell. Vimentin is overexpressed in various epithelial cancers, including prostate cancer, gastrointestinal tumors, tumors of the central nervous system, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, and lung cancer. Vimentin’s overexpression in cancer correlates well with accelerated tumor growth, invasion, and poor prognosis; however, the role of vimentin in cancer progression remains obscure. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are normally induced under environmental stress to serve as chaperones for maintenance of correct protein folding but they are often overexpressed in many cancers, including breast cancer. Since NQO1 is highly expressed in many solid tumors, including via upregulation of Nrf2, the design of compounds activated by NQO1 and NQO1-targeted drug delivery have been active areas of research. Since increased Nrf2 gene expression is one of the main mechanisms of cancer cells in resisting chemotherapeutic drugs and survival in oxidative conditions; finding compounds with the ability to suppress Nrf2 gene expression with minimum side effects can be considered an important strategy for increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Overexpression of c-met stimulates proliferation, migration and invasion in various types of cancer including prostate cancer. Overexpression of TGFα and EGFR by many carcinomas correlates with the development of cancer metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and poor prognosis. More than 50% of human cancers have a mutated nonfunctional p53. |
| 5452- | ATV, | Mevalonate pathway in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: mechanisms driving metabolic and cellular plasticity |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5447- | ATV, | The Mevalonate Pathway, a Metabolic Target in Cancer Therapy |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5446- | ATV, | Targeting the Mevalonate Pathway in Cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5449- | ATV, | Pleiotropic effects of statins: A focus on cancer |
| - | NA, | Var, | NA |
| 4980- | ATV, | A review of effects of atorvastatin in cancer therapy |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 4986- | ATV, | Dipy, | The combination of statins and dipyridamole is effective preclinically in AML, MM, and breast cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 4983- | Dipy, | ATV, | Targeting tumor cell metabolism via the mevalonate pathway: Two hits are better than one |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:26 Cells:% prod#:% Target#:1143 State#:% Dir#:1
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