| Aspirin |
NSAID / anti-platelet |
COX-1 inhibition; ↓ thromboxane A2; ↓ platelet aggregation |
Reduces recurrent ischemic stroke risk |
Strong clinical; standard of care |
Acute + prevention |
81–325 mg/day |
~1.2–4.6 mg/kg/day for 70 kg adult |
High, but bleeding-risk limited |
| Citicoline / CDP-choline |
Choline donor |
Membrane repair; ↑ phosphatidylcholine; ↓ free fatty acid release |
May support neurological and cognitive recovery |
Clinical; mixed acute results, better recovery/cognition signal |
Recovery |
500–2000 mg/day |
~7–29 mg/kg/day for 70 kg adult |
Moderate–High |
| Alpha-GPC |
Choline donor |
↑ acetylcholine; phospholipid support |
May support post-stroke cognition |
Clinical; moderate support |
Recovery |
300–1200 mg/day |
~4–17 mg/kg/day for 70 kg adult |
Moderate; TMAO concern |
| Ginkgo biloba |
Herbal extract |
Cerebral blood flow; antioxidant; anti-platelet |
May support perfusion and cognition |
Clinical + preclinical |
Recovery |
120–240 mg/day standardized extract |
~1.7–3.4 mg/kg/day |
Moderate; bleeding interaction caution |
| Panax notoginseng / PNS |
Saponins |
Anti-thrombotic; perfusion; anti-inflammatory |
Improved blood flow/recovery measures in some studies |
Clinical mainly China + preclinical |
Acute + recovery |
Variable extract-dependent |
Study-specific; often preclinical HED needed |
Moderate; bleeding interaction caution |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza / Danshen |
Herbal extract |
Microcirculation; vascular protection; anti-platelet |
May support vascular recovery |
Clinical mainly China + preclinical |
Acute + recovery |
Variable extract/root equivalent |
Study-specific |
Moderate; bleeding interaction caution |
| Baicalin |
Flavonoid |
Anti-inflammatory; anti-apoptotic; antioxidant |
Neuroprotection in ischemic injury models |
Preclinical + limited clinical |
Acute |
No established stroke dose |
Preclinical HED only |
Moderate–Low |
| Curcumin |
Polyphenol |
↓ NF-κB; ↓ cytokines; antioxidant |
Reduced infarct size/inflammation in models |
Strong preclinical |
Acute + recovery |
500–2000 mg/day bioavailable form |
~7–29 mg/kg/day |
Moderate; bioavailability limited |
| Resveratrol |
Polyphenol |
SIRT1; mitochondrial protection; anti-apoptotic |
Reduced apoptosis/infarct injury in models |
Strong preclinical |
Acute + recovery |
100–500 mg/day |
~1.4–7.1 mg/kg/day |
Moderate; bioavailability limited |
| EGCG |
Catechin |
ROS scavenging; vascular protection |
Reduced neuronal injury in models |
Strong preclinical |
Acute |
200–400 mg/day EGCG |
~2.9–5.7 mg/kg/day |
Moderate; liver-dose caution |
| Quercetin |
Flavonoid |
Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; anti-edema |
Reduced edema/infarct size in models |
Strong preclinical |
Acute |
500–1000 mg/day |
~7–14 mg/kg/day |
Moderate |
| Melatonin |
Indoleamine |
Mitochondrial antioxidant; anti-inflammatory |
Reduced ischemia-reperfusion injury in models |
Preclinical + limited clinical interest |
Acute + recovery |
3–10 mg/day |
~0.04–0.14 mg/kg/day |
Moderate–High |
| Tocotrienols |
Vitamin E subtype |
Lipid antioxidant; membrane protection |
Neuroprotection in ischemic models |
Preclinical + limited clinical |
Acute |
100–300 mg/day |
~1.4–4.3 mg/kg/day |
Moderate |
| Luteolin |
Flavonoid |
NF-κB / Nrf2 / PI3K-Akt modulation |
Reduced inflammation/neuroprotection in models |
Strong preclinical |
Acute |
No established stroke dose |
Preclinical HED only |
Low–Moderate |
| Ferulic acid |
Phenolic acid |
Antioxidant; vasodilation; vascular protection |
Improved blood flow/reduced injury in models |
Preclinical |
Acute |
No established stroke dose |
Preclinical HED only |
Low–Moderate |
| Rosmarinic acid |
Phenolic acid |
BBB protection; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory |
Reduced BBB disruption in models |
Preclinical |
Acute |
No established stroke dose |
Preclinical HED only |
Low–Moderate |
| Berberine |
Alkaloid |
AMPK activation; metabolic/vascular protection |
Neuroprotection in ischemia models |
Preclinical |
Prevention + recovery |
500–1500 mg/day |
~7–21 mg/kg/day |
Moderate; interaction caution |
| Huperzine A |
Alkaloid |
AChE inhibition; cholinergic support |
May support cognitive recovery |
Preclinical + cognitive clinical context |
Recovery |
100–200 µg/day |
~0.001–0.003 mg/kg/day |
Low–Moderate; narrow cholinergic tolerance |
| Honokiol |
Lignan |
Mitochondrial protection; anti-inflammatory |
Reduced ischemic neuronal injury in models |
Preclinical |
Acute + recovery |
No established stroke dose |
Preclinical HED only |
Low |