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| Cytochrome c ** The term "release of cytochrome c" ** an increase in level for the cytosol. Small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. The term "release of cytochrome c" refers to a critical step in the process of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. In its new location—the cytosol—cytochrome c participates in the apoptotic signaling pathway by helping to form the apoptosome, which activates caspases that execute cell death. Cytochrome c is a small protein normally located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its primary role in healthy cells is to participate in the electron transport chain, a process that helps produce energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability leads to the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The release of cytochrome c is a pivotal event in apoptosis where cytochrome c moves from the mitochondria to the cytosol, initiating a chain reaction that leads to programmed cell death. On the one hand, cytochrome c can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by regulating the activity of various signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. This can lead to increased cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, which are hallmarks of cancer. On the other hand, cytochrome c can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells by interacting with other proteins, such as Apaf-1 and caspase-9. This can lead to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which can result in the death of cancer cells. Overexpressed in Breast, Lung, Colon, and Prostrate. Underexpressed in Ovarian, and Pancreatic. |
| Normal Healthy |
| 5272- | 3BP, | The efficacy of the anticancer 3-bromopyruvate is potentiated by antimycin and menadione by unbalancing mitochondrial ROS production and disposal in U118 glioblastoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HEK293 |
| 1078- | And, | Andrographolide inhibits breast cancer through suppressing COX-2 expression and angiogenesis via inactivation of p300 signaling and VEGF pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HUVECs | - | in-vivo, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | T47D | - | in-vitro, | BC, | BT549 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-361 |
| 1565- | Api, | Apigenin-7-glucoside induces apoptosis and ROS accumulation in lung cancer cells, and inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | BEAS-2B | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H1975 |
| 1563- | Api, | MET, | Metformin-induced ROS upregulation as amplified by apigenin causes profound anticancer activity while sparing normal cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HDFa | - | in-vitro, | PC, | AsPC-1 | - | in-vitro, | PC, | MIA PaCa-2 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | DU145 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | LNCaP | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 1533- | Ba, | Baicalein, as a Prooxidant, Triggers Mitochondrial Apoptosis in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells Through Mobilization of Intracellular Copper and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation |
| - | in-vitro, | BrCC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 |
| 1523- | Ba, | Baicalein induces human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 apoptosis via ROS-induced BNIP3 expression |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | MG63 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | hFOB1.19 |
| 2474- | Ba, | Anticancer properties of baicalein: a review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | BV2 |
| 2732- | BetA, | Chemo, | Betulinic acid chemosensitizes breast cancer by triggering ER stress-mediated apoptosis by directly targeting GRP78 |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 |
| 2024- | Bos, | Antiproliferative and cell cycle arrest potentials of 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid against MCF-7 cells in vitro |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 |
| 5858- | CAP, | Capsaicin as a Microbiome Modulator: Metabolic Interactions and Implications for Host Health |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 2014- | CAP, | Role of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Complexes in Capsaicin Mediated Oxidative Stress Leading to Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | Bxpc-3 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HPDE-6 | - | in-vivo, | PC, | AsPC-1 |
| 5880- | CAR, | In vitro and in vivo antitumor potential of carvacrol nanoemulsion against human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells via mitochondrial mediated apoptosis |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Lung, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | BEAS-2B | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | PC9 |
| 1585- | Citrate, | Sodium citrate targeting Ca2+/CAMKK2 pathway exhibits anti-tumor activity through inducing apoptosis and ferroptosis in ovarian cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | SKOV3 | - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | A2780S | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HEK293 |
| 823- | GAR, | Garcinol Potentiates TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis through Modulation of Death Receptors and Antiapoptotic Proteins |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HT-29 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | CCD841 |
| 2255- | MF, | Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Induce Skeletal Muscle Cell Repair by Sustaining the Expression of Proteins Involved in the Response to Cellular Damage and Oxidative Stress |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | SkMC |
| 520- | MF, | Exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field induced mitochondrial permeability transition through the ROS/GSK-3β signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | NA |
| 5208- | PI, | Piperine Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis of Human Gastric Cancer Cells by Downregulating Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Akt Pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | SNU16 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | GES-1 |
| 2005- | PLB, | Plumbagin induces apoptosis in lymphoma cells via oxidative stress mediated glutathionylation and inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKP1/2) |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | EL4 | - | in-vitro, | AML, | Jurkat |
| 3353- | QC, | Quercetin triggers cell apoptosis-associated ROS-mediated cell death and induces S and G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest in KON oral cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Oral, | KON | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MRC-5 |
| 2227- | SK, | Shikonin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and enhances chemotherapeutic sensitivity of gastric cancer through reactive oxygen species |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | BGC-823 | - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | GES-1 |
| 2007- | SK, | Shikonin Directly Targets Mitochondria and Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | lymphoma, | U937 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | SkBr3 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | OS, | U2OS | - | NA, | Nor, | RPE-1 |
| 5079- | SSE, | Rad, | The solvent and treatment regimen of sodium selenite cause its effects to vary on the radiation response of human bronchial cells from tumour and normal tissues |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | BEAS-2B |
| 3416- | TQ, | Thymoquinone induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cell via endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent mitochondrial pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Bladder, | T24/HTB-9 | - | in-vitro, | Bladder, | 253J | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | SV-HUC-1 |
| 3142- | VitC, | Vitamin C promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells by increasing TRAIL expression |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF12A |
| 2279- | VitK2, | Vitamin K2 Induces Mitochondria-Related Apoptosis in Human Bladder Cancer Cells via ROS and JNK/p38 MAPK Signal Pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Bladder, | T24/HTB-9 | - | in-vitro, | Bladder, | J82 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HEK293 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | L02 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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