COX2 Cancer Research Results

COX2, cycloocygenase-2 (Cox-2) mRNA and Cox-2 protein: Click to Expand ⟱
Source: HalifaxProj(inhibit)
Type:
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which are lipid compounds involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation, pain, and fever. COX-2 is an inducible enzyme, meaning its expression is typically low in normal tissues but can be upregulated in response to inflammatory stimuli, growth factors, and certain oncogenic signals.
-Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, plays a key role in inflammation and circulatory homeostasis.
-COX-2 is an inducible enzyme that is upregulated in response to pro-inflammatory signals, including cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α) and growth factors.

COX-2 is often overexpressed in various tumors, including colorectal, breast, lung, and prostate cancers.
The prostaglandins produced by COX-2, particularly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), have several effects that can facilitate cancer progression:
Cell Proliferation: PGE2 can promote the proliferation of cancer cells by activating signaling pathways such as the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways.
Nonselective NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Epidemiological studies have suggested that regular use of NSAIDs may reduce the risk of certain cancers, particularly colorectal cancer.
Drugs specifically targeting COX-2, such as celecoxib, have been developed.

COX-2 and xanthine oxidase are ROS-producing pro-oxidant enzymes that contribute to inflammation. Elevated COX‑2 levels, often found in inflammatory conditions or certain types of cancers, can contribute to increased production of ROS.
IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Click to Expand ⟱
Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The main pathways involved in IBD include intestinal barrier dysfunction, mucus barrier impairment, dysbiosis-driven innate immune activation, and persistent cytokine-mediated inflammation. Key barrier components such as ZO-1, occludin, claudins, and MUC2 are commonly disrupted, increasing epithelial permeability and microbial translocation. This promotes activation of inflammatory hubs including TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6/STAT3, and IL-23/Th17, while JAK/STAT signaling integrates multiple cytokine inputs that sustain chronic mucosal injury. Together, these pathways drive epithelial damage, immune dysregulation, and failure of mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

Rank Pathway / Axis Representative Targets / Markers Typical Direction in IBD Main Relevance
1 Intestinal Barrier Integrity / Tight Junctions ZO-1 (TJP1), Occludin (OCLN), Claudins (especially CLDN2, CLDN1) ZO-1 ↓, OCLN ↓, barrier loosened; CLDN2 often ↑ Core barrier failure increases intestinal permeability, microbial entry, and chronic inflammation
2 Mucus Barrier / Goblet Cell Axis MUC2, goblet cells, antimicrobial peptides MUC2 and goblet protection often impaired Weak mucus defense exposes the epithelium to luminal bacteria and antigens
3 TNF-α Inflammatory Axis TNF-α, TNFR1, TNFR2 ↑ Major inflammatory driver and validated therapeutic target in IBD
4 NF-κB Signaling NF-κB, IKK, IκB, COX-2, iNOS ↑ Central transcriptional hub for cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory amplification
5 IL-23 / Th17 Axis IL-23, IL-23R, IL-17A, IL-22, RORγt ↑ / dysregulated Important bridge between innate and adaptive immune inflammation
6 JAK / STAT Signaling JAK1, JAK2, TYK2, STAT3 ↑ / activated Integrates multiple cytokine signals that sustain mucosal inflammation
7 IL-6 / STAT3 Axis IL-6, IL-6R, gp130, STAT3 ↑ Supports inflammatory persistence, immune-cell survival, and epithelial injury signaling
8 IL-1β / Inflammasome Axis IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 ↑ Promotes innate inflammation, cytokine escalation, and epithelial damage
9 Microbiota / Dysbiosis / PRR Signaling Dysbiosis, TLRs, MyD88, LPS-related signaling Dysregulated / activated Links altered microbiota to barrier loss and immune activation
10 Oxidative Stress / Redox Imbalance ROS, lipid peroxidation, MPO, antioxidant defenses ↑ oxidative stress Contributes to epithelial injury, inflammatory signaling, and impaired healing
11 Leukocyte Trafficking / Adhesion Integrins, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, chemokines ↑ Drives immune-cell recruitment into inflamed intestinal tissue
12 Epithelial Apoptosis / Restitution / Mucosal Healing Caspases, repair pathways, epithelial proliferation and restitution markers Injury ↑, healing impaired Determines whether mucosal damage resolves or progresses to chronic disease
Rank Natural Product Best Fit in IBD Evidence Level Main Rationale Notes
1 Curcumin Mainly Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Best human evidence Strongest overall adjunctive clinical support among common natural products for active UC Anti-inflammatory; NF-κB / cytokines / oxidative stress; mucosal support
2 Indigo naturalis (Qing Dai) Mainly UC Strong efficacy, safety-limited Good human efficacy signals, but safety concerns lower practical rank Anti-colitic; immune/inflammatory modulation; use caution flag for safety
3 Boswellia serrata UC / colitis Older smaller human trials Suggestive remission data and anti-inflammatory relevance, but evidence base is limited 5-LOX / leukotrienes / inflammation / mucosal protection
4 Aloe vera gel Mild-to-moderate UC Small human trial signal Some human improvement signal, though not as strong as curcumin or indigo naturalis Mucosal soothing / anti-inflammatory / healing support
5 Andrographis paniculata / andrographolide Mostly UC Mixed human, stronger preclinical Mechanistically promising, but human benefit is less consistent NF-κB / cytokines / barrier and anti-inflammatory support
6 Carvacrol Experimental colitis / dysbiosis / barrier dysfunction Preclinical Promising anti-colitis terpene with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and microbiota-related effects Dysbiosis / intestinal barrier integrity / NF-κB / oxidative stress
7 Thymol Experimental colitis / barrier dysfunction Preclinical Promising anti-colitis terpene with cytokine suppression and NF-κB-related effects Dysbiosis / intestinal barrier integrity / NF-κB / COX-2 / oxidative stress
8 Carvacrol + Thymol Experimental colitis, dysbiosis, bile-acid modulation Preclinical, mechanistically strong Combination may be especially relevant due to microbiota and bile-acid pathway effects in DSS colitis Bifidobacterium / secondary bile acids / barrier support / anti-colitic signaling
9 Peppermint oil Supportive / experimental colitis / GI symptom relief Mainly preclinical for IBD; stronger IBS evidence Menthol-rich oil with anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and possible barrier-supportive effects, but limited direct human IBD evidence Menthol / TRP modulation / cytokines / oxidative stress / GI symptom support


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
1149- Api,    Apigenin inhibits colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis by suppressing STAT3-NF-κB signaling
- vitro+vivo, IBD, NA
COX2↓, MPO↓, NF-kB↓, STAT3↓, Inflam↓,
5365- AV,    Aloe Vera Polysaccharides as Therapeutic Agents: Benefits Versus Side Effects in Biomedical Applications
- Review, Nor, NA - Review, IBD, NA - Review, Diabetic, NA
*Wound Healing↑, *Imm↑, *antiOx↑, *AntiDiabetic↑, *AntiCan↑, *Inflam↓, *NF-kB↓, *COX2↓, *5LO↓, *IL1β↓, *IL6↓, *TNF-α↓, *IL10↑, *other↓, *ROS↓, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *GPx↑, *lipid-P↓, *DNAdam↓, *GutMicro↑, *ZO-1↑, AntiTum↑, Casp3↑, Casp9↑, angioG↓, MMPs↓, VEGF↓, NK cell↑,
2605- Ba,  BA,    Potential therapeutic effects of baicalin and baicalein
- Review, Var, NA - Review, Stroke, NA - Review, IBD, NA - Review, Arthritis, NA - Review, AD, NA - Review, Park, NA
cardioP↑, Inflam↓, cognitive↑, *hepatoP↑, *ROS?, *SOD↑, *GSH↑, *MMP↑, *GutMicro↑, ChemoSen↑, *TNF-α↓, *IL10↑, *IL6↓, *eff↑, *ROS↓, *COX2↓, *NF-kB↓, *STAT3↓, *PGE2↓, *MPO↓, *IL1β↓, *MMP2↓, *MMP9↓, *β-Amyloid↓, *neuroP↑, *Dose↝, *BioAv↝, *BioAv↝, *BBB↑, *BDNF↑,
2674- BBR,    Berberine: A novel therapeutic strategy for cancer
- Review, Var, NA - Review, IBD, NA
Inflam↓, AntiCan↑, Apoptosis↑, TumAuto↑, TumCCA↑, TumMeta↓, TumCI↓, eff↑, eff↑, CD4+↓, TNF-α↓, IL1↓, BioAv↓, BioAv↓, other↓, AMPK↑, MAPK↓, NF-kB↓, IL6↓, MCP1↓, PGE2↓, COX2↓, *ROS↓, *antiOx↑, *GPx↑, *Catalase↑, AntiTum↑, TumCP↓, angioG↓, Fas↑, FasL↑, ROS↑, ATM↑, P53↑, RB1↑, Casp9↑, Casp8↑, Casp3↓, BAX↑, Bcl-2↓, Bcl-xL↓, IAP1↓, XIAP↓, survivin↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, CycB/CCNB1↓, CDC25↓, CDC25↓, Cyt‑c↑, MMP↓, RenoP↑, mTOR↓, MDM2↓, LC3II↑, ERK↓, COX2↓, MMP3↓, TGF-β↓, EMT↑, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RAS↓, Rho↓, NF-kB↓, uPA↓, MMP1↓, MMP13↓, ChemoSen↑,
5932- CAR,    Carvacrol attenuates mucosal barrier impairment and tumorigenesis by regulating gut microbiome
- in-vivo, IBD, NA - in-vivo, Park, NA
*GutMicro↑, Risk↓, *Inflam↓, *antiOx↓, *ZO-1↑, *iNOS↓, *IL6↓, *NO↓, *PGE2↓, *memory↑, *TLR4↓, *NF-kB↓, *IBI↑, *CLDN3↑, *CLDN1↑, *MUC1↑, *OCLN↑, *iNOS↑, *COX2↓, *IFN-γ↓, IL1β↓, ADAM10?,
5943- Cela,    Celastrol: A Spectrum of Treatment Opportunities in Chronic Diseases
- Review, Arthritis, NA - Review, IBD, NA - Review, AD, NA - Review, Park, NA
*other↝, *other↝, *CRP↓, *eff↝, *other↑, *CXCR4↓, *IL1β↓, *IL6↓, *IL17↓, *IL18↓, *TNF-α↓, *MMP9↓, *PGE2↓, *COX1↓, *COX2↓, *PI3K↓, *Akt↓, *other↑, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, ROS↑, JNK↑, TumAuto↑, Hif1a↓, BNIP3↝, HSP90↓, Fas↑, FasL↑, ETC↓, VEGF↓, angioG↓, RadioS↑, *neuroP↑, *HSP70/HSPA5↑, *ROS↓, *MMP↑, *Cyt‑c↓, *Casp3↓, *Casp9↓, *MAPK↓, *Dose⇅, *HSPs↑, BioAv↓, Dose↝,
6084- CHOC,    Cocoa Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits for Human Health
- Review, Nor, NA - Review, Stroke, NA - Review, IBD, NA
*lipid-P↓, *ROS↓, *Inflam↓, *BP↓, *cardioP↑, *chemoPv↑, *BioAv⇅, *antiOx↑, *Risk↓, *5LO↓, *AntiAg↑, *Imm↑, *NF-kB↓, *other↓, CYP1A1↓, COX2↓, *Obesity↓, *cognitive↑,
3040- SK,    Pharmacological Properties of Shikonin – A Review of Literature since 2002
- Review, Var, NA - Review, IBD, NA - Review, Stroke, NA
*Half-Life↝, *BioAv↓, *BioAv↑, *BioAv↑, *Inflam↓, *TNF-α↓, *other↑, *MPO↓, *COX2↓, *NF-kB↑, *STAT3↑, *antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *neuroP↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *GPx↑, *Bcl-2↑, *BAX↓, cardioP↑, AntiCan↑, NF-kB↓, ROS↑, PKM2↓, TumCCA↑, Necroptosis↑, Apoptosis↑, DNAdam↑, MMP↓, Cyt‑c↑, LDH↝,
4875- Uro,    Impact of the Natural Compound Urolithin A on Health, Disease, and Aging
- Review, AD, NA - Review, Stroke, NA - Review, ostP, NA - Review, IBD, NA
*MitoP↓, *Strength↑, *PINK1↑, *PARK2↑, *Inflam↓, *COX2↓, *IL1β↓, *IL6↓, *TNF-α↓, *OS↑, *cardioP↑, *memory↑, *neuroG↑, *neuroP↑, *Cartilage↑, *Inflam↓, *RenoP↑, *eff↑, *Dose↝, *Half-Life↑, *NRF2↑, *GutMicro↑,
4833- Uro,    Unveiling the potential of Urolithin A in Cancer Therapy: Mechanistic Insights to Future Perspectives of Nanomedicine
- Review, Var, NA - Review, AD, NA - Review, IBD, NA
BioAv↝, TumAuto↝, TumCG↓, TumMeta↓, ChemoSen↑, Imm↑, RadioS↑, BioAv↑, other↝, eff↓, *antiOx↓, *Inflam↓, AntiCan↓, AntiAge↑, chemoP↑, *neuroP↑, *ROS↓, *cognitive↑, *lipid-P↓, *cardioP↑, *TNF-α↓, *IL6↓, GutMicro↑, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, angioG↓, NF-kB↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, Casp↑, survivin↓, TumCP↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, cMyc↑, BAX↑, Bcl-2↓, COX2↓, P53↑, p38↑, *ROS↓, *SOD↑, *GPx↑, SIRT1↑, FOXO1↑, eff↑, ChemoSen↑,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 10 of 10

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 10

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

CYP1A1↓, 1,   MPO↓, 1,   ROS↑, 3,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

CDC25↓, 2,   ETC↓, 1,   MMP↓, 2,   XIAP↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

AMPK↑, 1,   cMyc↑, 1,   LDH↝, 1,   PKM2↓, 1,   SIRT1↑, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↓, 1,   Apoptosis↑, 4,   BAX↑, 2,   Bcl-2↓, 2,   Bcl-xL↓, 1,   Casp↑, 1,   Casp3↓, 1,   Casp3↑, 1,   Casp8↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 2,   Cyt‑c↑, 2,   Fas↑, 2,   FasL↑, 2,   IAP1↓, 1,   JNK↑, 1,   MAPK↓, 1,   MDM2↓, 1,   Necroptosis↑, 1,   p38↑, 1,   survivin↓, 2,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

other↓, 1,   other↝, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

HSP90↓, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes ⓘ

BNIP3↝, 1,   LC3II↑, 1,   TumAuto↑, 2,   TumAuto↝, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

ATM↑, 1,   DNAdam↑, 1,   P53↑, 2,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

CycB/CCNB1↓, 1,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 1,   RB1↑, 1,   TumCCA↑, 4,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

EMT↑, 1,   ERK↓, 1,   FOXO1↑, 1,   mTOR↓, 1,   PI3K↓, 1,   RAS↓, 1,   STAT3↓, 1,   TumCG↓, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

FAK↓, 1,   MMP1↓, 1,   MMP13↓, 1,   MMP2↓, 1,   MMP3↓, 1,   MMP9↓, 1,   MMPs↓, 1,   Rho↓, 1,   ROCK1↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 1,   TumCI↓, 1,   TumCP↓, 2,   TumMeta↓, 2,   uPA↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

angioG↓, 4,   Hif1a↓, 1,   VEGF↓, 2,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

CD4+↓, 1,   COX2↓, 5,   IL1↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 1,   IL6↓, 1,   Imm↑, 1,   Inflam↓, 3,   MCP1↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 5,   NK cell↑, 1,   PGE2↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 1,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

ADAM10?, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 3,   BioAv↑, 1,   BioAv↝, 1,   ChemoSen↑, 4,   Dose↝, 1,   eff↓, 1,   eff↑, 3,   RadioS↑, 2,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

GutMicro↑, 1,   IL6↓, 1,   LDH↝, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiAge↑, 1,   AntiCan↓, 1,   AntiCan↑, 2,   AntiTum↑, 2,   cardioP↑, 2,   chemoP↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 1,   RenoP↑, 1,   Risk↓, 1,  
Total Targets: 104

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↓, 2,   antiOx↑, 4,   Catalase↑, 3,   GPx↑, 4,   GSH↑, 1,   lipid-P↓, 3,   MPO↓, 2,   NRF2↑, 1,   PARK2↑, 1,   ROS?, 1,   ROS↓, 8,   SOD↑, 4,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

MMP↑, 2,   PINK1↑, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↓, 1,   BAX↓, 1,   Bcl-2↑, 1,   Casp3↓, 1,   Casp9↓, 1,   Cyt‑c↓, 1,   iNOS↓, 1,   iNOS↑, 1,   MAPK↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

other↓, 2,   other↑, 3,   other↝, 2,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

HSP70/HSPA5↑, 1,   HSPs↑, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes ⓘ

MitoP↓, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

DNAdam↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

neuroG↑, 1,   PI3K↓, 1,   STAT3↓, 1,   STAT3↑, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

5LO↓, 2,   AntiAg↑, 1,   Cartilage↑, 1,   CLDN1↑, 1,   MMP2↓, 1,   MMP9↓, 2,   MUC1↑, 1,   ZO-1↑, 2,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

NO↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

BBB↑, 1,   CLDN3↑, 1,   IBI↑, 1,   OCLN↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX1↓, 1,   COX2↓, 6,   CRP↓, 1,   CXCR4↓, 1,   IFN-γ↓, 1,   IL10↑, 2,   IL17↓, 1,   IL18↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 4,   IL6↓, 6,   Imm↑, 2,   Inflam↓, 7,   NF-kB↓, 4,   NF-kB↑, 1,   PGE2↓, 3,   TLR4↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 6,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

BDNF↑, 1,  

Protein Aggregation ⓘ

β-Amyloid↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 1,   BioAv↑, 2,   BioAv⇅, 1,   BioAv↝, 2,   Dose⇅, 1,   Dose↝, 2,   eff↑, 2,   eff↝, 1,   Half-Life↑, 1,   Half-Life↝, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

BP↓, 1,   CRP↓, 1,   GutMicro↑, 4,   IL6↓, 6,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 1,   AntiDiabetic↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 3,   chemoPv↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 2,   hepatoP↑, 1,   memory↑, 2,   neuroP↑, 5,   Obesity↓, 1,   OS↑, 1,   RenoP↑, 1,   Risk↓, 1,   Strength↑, 1,   Wound Healing↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 94

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: COX2, cycloocygenase-2 (Cox-2) mRNA and Cox-2 protein
2 Urolithin
1 Apigenin (mainly Parsley)
1 Aloe anthraquinones
1 Baicalein
1 Baicalin
1 Berberine
1 Carvacrol
1 Celastrol
1 Chocolate
1 Shikonin
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:58  Cells:%  prod#:%  Target#:66  State#:%  Dir#:1
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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