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| Lignan found in bark of some magnolia species. Magnolol (MAG) — a bioactive biphenolic compound from Magnolia officinalis derived from the bark (roots and branches) of Magnolia species such as M. officinalis, M. obovata, and M. grandiflora The two main bioactive compounds isolated from these plants are MAG (5,5ʹ-diallyl-2,2ʹ-dihydroxybiphenyl) and Honokiol (3,5ʹ-diallyl-4,2ʹ-dihydroxybiphenyl) (Fig. 1) which are phenolic regioisomers. In the bark extracts of Magnolia plants, the composition of MAG ranges from 1 to 10%, while Honokiol comprises 1 to 5% Magnolol is a biphenolic neolignan isolated from the bark of Magnolia officinalis. It is structurally related to honokiol and is studied for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and neuroactive effects. In preclinical oncology models, magnolol is reported to modulate NF-κB, STAT3, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, and redox pathways, with downstream effects on cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, invasion/EMT, and angiogenesis. Oral bioavailability is limited and many cytotoxic concentrations reported in vitro are in the tens of µM range, often above typical systemic levels from standard supplementation. major pathways and molecular targets involved in magnolol’s anticancer actions: -Apoptosis: ↑ Bax, ↓ Bcl-2, ↑ cytochrome c, ↑ caspase-9, ↑ caspase-3 -Arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 or G2/M phase:↓ Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin B1, CDK1 -Inhibits NF-κB activation: ↓ IκBα, COX-2, TNF-α -Inhibits PI3K, Akt, and mTOR phosphorylation -Suppresses angiogenesis: ↓ Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, VEGF, cyclin D1 -Inhibits β-catenin nuclear translocation -increase ROS production in tumor cells → triggers mitochondrial apoptosis -Magnolol activates Nrf2 in normal cells → upregulates HO-1, NQO1: Protects normal tissue from oxidative stress during chemotherapy or inflammation. Most in-vitro IC50 values fall in the 10–100 µM range, often above typical systemic exposure.
Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G
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| LDH is a general term that refers to the enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. LDH is a tetrameric enzyme, meaning it is composed of four subunits. LDH refers to the enzyme as a whole, while LDHA specifically refers to the M subunit. Elevated LDHA levels are often associated with poor prognosis and aggressive tumor behavior, similar to elevated LDH levels. leakage of LDH is a well-known indicator of cell membrane integrity and cell viability [35]. LDH leakage results from the breakdown of the plasma membrane and alterations in membrane permeability, and is widely used as a cytotoxicity endpoint. However, it's worth noting that some studies have shown that LDHA is a more specific and sensitive biomarker for cancer than total LDH, as it is more closely associated with the Warburg effect and cancer metabolism. Dysregulated LDH activity contributes significantly to cancer development, promoting the Warburg effect (Chen et al., 2007), which involves increased glucose uptake and lactate production, even in the presence of oxygen, to meet the energy demands of rapidly proliferating cancer cells (Warburg and Minami, 1923; Dai et al., 2016b). LDHA overexpression favors pyruvate to lactate conversion, leading to tumor microenvironment acidification and aiding cancer progression and metastasis. Inhibitors: Flavonoids, a group of polyphenols abundant in fruit, vegetables, and medicinal plants, function as LDH inhibitors.
LDH is used as a clinical biomarker for Synthetic liver function, nutrition
Tier A — Direct LDH Enzyme Inhibitors (Validated Catalytic Inhibition)
Tier B — Indirect LDH-Axis Modulators (Glycolysis / Lactate Reduction Without Confirmed Direct Catalytic Inhibition)
Tier A = Direct catalytic LDH inhibition (enzyme-level validation). |
| 4528- | MAG, | Pharmacology, Toxicity, Bioavailability, and Formulation of Magnolol: An Update |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:121 Target#:906 State#:% Dir#:1
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