Kaempferol / Glycolysis Cancer Research Results

KaempF, Kaempferol: Click to Expand ⟱

Features:

Kaempferol = dietary flavonol polyphenol (aglycone; often present as glycosides such as kaempferol-3-O-glucoside). Sources: tea, kale, spinach, capers, broccoli, onions. Primary mechanisms (ranked):
1) PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition → ↓ proliferation, ↓ survival signaling (core anti-tumor axis).
2) MAPK modulation (ERK/JNK/p38) → apoptosis or growth arrest (context-dependent).
3) NF-κB suppression → ↓ inflammatory and pro-survival transcription programs.
4) Pro-oxidant ROS induction at higher concentrations → mitochondrial apoptosis signaling.
Bioavailability/PK relevance: Oral absorption modest; extensive phase II metabolism (glucuronidation/sulfation); plasma typically low µM or sub-µM after dietary intake; many in-vitro studies use 10–100 µM (often exceeding achievable systemic exposure without specialized delivery).
Clinical evidence status: largely preclinical (cell + animal); limited human cancer trial data; strongest support in epidemiologic associations rather than interventional oncology RCTs.

Kaempferol—an abundant flavonoid found in various fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs—affects cancer cell behavior

Pathways:
-Inhibit the PI3K/Akt signaling
-Modulation of the MAPK pathway (including ERK1/2)
-Inhibit NF-κB Signaling Pathway
-can upregulate or activate p53-dependent pathways
-Inhibitory action on STAT
-Activation of AMPK
-Reduce VEGF
-Can induce oxidative stress in cancer cells (ROS)

Kaempferol — Cancer vs Normal Pathway Effects

Rank	Pathway / Axis	Cancer Cells (↑ / ↓ / ↔)	Normal Cells (↑ / ↓ / ↔)	TSF	Primary Effect	Notes / Interpretation
1	PI3K/Akt/mTOR	↓ proliferation; ↓ survival signaling	↔ / mild ↓ (cytoprotective context)	R→G	Growth suppression	Core mechanistic axis across multiple tumor models (breast, lung, colon, prostate).
2	MAPK (ERK, JNK, p38)	↑ JNK/p38 (pro-apoptotic); ↓ ERK (proliferative)	↔ (dose-dependent)	R	Apoptosis induction	Often stress-activated signaling; balance of ERK vs JNK determines outcome.
3	NF-κB	↓ transcription of inflammatory & anti-apoptotic genes	↓ inflammatory tone	R→G	Anti-inflammatory / anti-survival	Reduces cytokine signaling and tumor microenvironment support pathways.
4	ROS	↑ (high concentration; pro-oxidant apoptosis)	↔ / ↓ (antioxidant at low conc.)	P→R	Mitochondrial stress	Biphasic: antioxidant at dietary levels; pro-oxidant at higher in-vitro doses.
5	NRF2	↔ / ↓ (context-dependent)	↑ cytoprotective response	G	Redox adaptation	May activate antioxidant genes in normal cells; persistent activation in tumors could support resistance.
6	Intrinsic apoptosis (Bax/Bcl-2, caspases)	↑ Bax; ↓ Bcl-2; ↑ caspase-3/9	↔	R→G	Mitochondrial apoptosis	Common downstream convergence of ROS + PI3K suppression.
7	Ca²⁺ signaling	↑ mitochondrial Ca²⁺ (subset models)	↔	R	Apoptotic amplification	Not universal; observed in certain carcinoma lines.
8	HIF-1α / Angiogenesis	↓ HIF-1α; ↓ VEGF (model-dependent)	↔	G	Anti-angiogenic potential	Observed in hypoxia models; translational impact uncertain.
9	Ferroptosis	↔ (indirect; limited data)	↔	R	Redox-linked sensitivity (theoretical)	No consistent ferroptosis signature established.
10	Clinical Translation Constraint	Low oral bioavailability; rapid conjugation; in-vitro concentrations commonly exceed systemic exposure; limited human interventional oncology data.		—	PK / Evidence	Dietary intake likely below cytotoxic range; delivery systems (nano-formulations) under investigation.

TSF legend: P: 0–30 min | R: 30 min–3 hr | G: >3 hr

Glycolysis, Glycolysis: Click to Expand ⟱

Source:

Type:

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP (energy) in the process. It is a fundamental process for cellular energy production and occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. In normal cells, glycolysis is tightly regulated and is followed by aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen, which allows for the efficient production of ATP.
In cancer cells, however, glycolysis is often upregulated, even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon is known as the Warburg Mutations in oncogenes (like MYC) and tumor suppressor genes (like TP53) can alter metabolic pathways, promoting glycolysis and other anabolic processes that support cell growth.effect.
Acidosis: The increased production of lactate from glycolysis can lead to an acidic microenvironment, which may promote tumor invasion and suppress immune responses.

Glycolysis is a hallmark of malignancy transformation in solid tumor, and LDH is the key enzyme involved in glycolysis.

Pathways:
-GLUTs, HK2, PFK, PK, PKM2, LDH, LDHA, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK, HIF-1a, c-MYC, p53, SIRT6, HSP90α, GAPDH, HBT, PPP, Lactate Metabolism, ALDO

Natural products targeting glycolytic signaling pathways https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9631946/
Alkaloids:
-Berberine, Worenine, Sinomenine, NK007, Tetrandrine, N-methylhermeanthidine chloride, Dauricine, Oxymatrine, Matrine, Cryptolepine

Flavonoids: -Oroxyline A, Apigenin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Wogonin, Baicalein, Chrysin, Genistein, Cardamonin, Phloretin, Morusin, Bavachinin, 4-O-methylalpinumisofavone, Glabridin, Icaritin, LicA, Naringin, IVT, Proanthocyanidin B2, Scutellarin, Hesperidin, Silibinin, Catechin, EGCG, EGC, Xanthohumol.

Non-flavonoid phenolic compounds:
Curcumin, Resveratrol, Gossypol, Tannic acid.

Terpenoids:
-Cantharidin, Dihydroartemisinin, Oleanolic acid, Jolkinolide B, Cynaropicrin, Ursolic Acid, Triptolie, Oridonin, Micheliolide, Betulinic Acid, Beta-escin, Limonin, Bruceine D, Prosapogenin A (PSA), Oleuropein, Dioscin.

Quinones:
-Thymoquinone, Lapachoi, Tan IIA, Emodine, Rhein, Shikonin, Hypericin

Others:
-Perillyl alcohol, HCA, Melatonin, Sulforaphane, Vitamin D3, Mycoepoxydiene, Methyl jasmonate, CK, Phsyciosporin, Gliotoxin, Graviola, Ginsenoside, Beta-Carotene.

Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱

2390-

KaempF,

Kaempferol Can Reverse the 5-Fu Resistance of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Inhibiting PKM2-Mediated Glycolysis

in-vitro,

CRC,

HCT8

eff↑, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, PKM2↓, Glycolysis↓, glucose↑,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 1 of 1

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 1

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

glucose↑, 1, GlucoseCon↓, 1, Glycolysis↓, 1, lactateProd↓, 1, PKM2↓, 1,

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

eff↑, 1,
Total Targets: 6

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Total Targets: 0

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: Glycolysis, Glycolysis

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells