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Protocatechuic acid (PCA; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) is a
naturally occurring phenolic acid found in many fruits, vegetables, grains,
medicinal plants and plant-derived foods. PCA also occurs as a metabolite of
several dietary polyphenols and anthocyanins. It has demonstrated antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective and anticancer activities
in preclinical studies. In Alzheimer-related models, PCA has improved learning
and memory, reduced amyloid-β deposition and neuroinflammation, attenuated
oxidative stress and supported cholinergic and neurotrophic signalling. In
APP/PS1 transgenic mice, PCA reduced amyloid deposition and inflammatory
responses while improving cognitive deficits. More recent AD-model studies
also report improvement of cognitive function through modulation of cholinergic
synaptic signalling. In cancer models, PCA can suppress proliferation,
migration and inflammatory signalling and promote apoptosis through mechanisms
involving ROS regulation, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, MAPK and mitochondrial apoptotic
pathways. PCA is listed as a separate product because purified
protocatechuic acid has been directly administered and studied independently
of the botanical extracts from which it originates. (Example EGb 761) Current therapeutic evidence
remains predominantly preclinical. High PCA Sources Black/purple rice bran - High Hibiscus / roselle - High Açaí - High Black rice - High Purple rice - High Black wild rice - Moderate Blood orange - High precursor source Blackcurrant - Moderate-high Blackberry - Moderate-high Aronia / chokeberry - Moderate-high Dark cherries - Moderate Onion - Moderate Potato - Moderate Barley tea - Moderate |
| Source: HalifaxProj(inhibit) |
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| Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which are lipid compounds involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation, pain, and fever. COX-2 is an inducible enzyme, meaning its expression is typically low in normal tissues but can be upregulated in response to inflammatory stimuli, growth factors, and certain oncogenic signals. -Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, plays a key role in inflammation and circulatory homeostasis. -COX-2 is an inducible enzyme that is upregulated in response to pro-inflammatory signals, including cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α) and growth factors. COX-2 is often overexpressed in various tumors, including colorectal, breast, lung, and prostate cancers. The prostaglandins produced by COX-2, particularly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), have several effects that can facilitate cancer progression: Cell Proliferation: PGE2 can promote the proliferation of cancer cells by activating signaling pathways such as the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. Nonselective NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Epidemiological studies have suggested that regular use of NSAIDs may reduce the risk of certain cancers, particularly colorectal cancer. Drugs specifically targeting COX-2, such as celecoxib, have been developed. COX-2 and xanthine oxidase are ROS-producing pro-oxidant enzymes that contribute to inflammation. Elevated COX‑2 levels, often found in inflammatory conditions or certain types of cancers, can contribute to increased production of ROS. |
| 7831- | PCA, | MBS, | Neuroprotective Potential of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Polyphenols in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review |
| - | Review, | AD, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:435 Target#:66 State#:% Dir#:1
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