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| Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) = long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (22:6n-3); major structural lipid of neuronal membranes and retina; dietary sources: fatty fish (salmon, sardine), algae oils; often combined with EPA in supplements. – DHA is a major structural component of cell membranes in the brain, retina, and other tissues and plays a critical role in neural function and development. Role in Cancer Anti-Inflammatory Effects: – A reduction in chronic inflammation Modulation of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis –Omega-3 fatty acids appear to influence cell cycle regulation and apoptosis (programmed cell death). By enhancing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, these agents may limit the growth of cancer cells. Alteration of Membrane Composition and Signaling –May affect processes such as angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), cell adhesion, and metastasis in cancer cells. Impact on Oxidative Stress –Although omega-3 fatty acids are prone to oxidation, their metabolites can have antioxidant properties. Balancing oxidation and antioxidant defenses is important in preventing oxidative stress—a known contributor to DNA damage and cancer development. Anti-Angiogenic Effects – Some studies have shown that EPA and DHA can inhibit angiogenesis. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) — Cancer-Relevant Pathways
TSF Legend: P: 0–30 min | R: 30 min–3 hr | G: >3 hr Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) — Alzheimer’s Disease–Relevant Axes
TSF Legend: P: 0–30 min | R: 30 min–3 hr | G: >3 hr |
| Source: HalifaxProj(inhibit) |
| Type: |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which are lipid compounds involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation, pain, and fever. COX-2 is an inducible enzyme, meaning its expression is typically low in normal tissues but can be upregulated in response to inflammatory stimuli, growth factors, and certain oncogenic signals. -Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, plays a key role in inflammation and circulatory homeostasis. -COX-2 is an inducible enzyme that is upregulated in response to pro-inflammatory signals, including cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α) and growth factors. COX-2 is often overexpressed in various tumors, including colorectal, breast, lung, and prostate cancers. The prostaglandins produced by COX-2, particularly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), have several effects that can facilitate cancer progression: Cell Proliferation: PGE2 can promote the proliferation of cancer cells by activating signaling pathways such as the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. Nonselective NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Epidemiological studies have suggested that regular use of NSAIDs may reduce the risk of certain cancers, particularly colorectal cancer. Drugs specifically targeting COX-2, such as celecoxib, have been developed. COX-2 and xanthine oxidase are ROS-producing pro-oxidant enzymes that contribute to inflammation. Elevated COX‑2 levels, often found in inflammatory conditions or certain types of cancers, can contribute to increased production of ROS. |
| 1085- | DHA, | EPA, | DHA and EPA Down-regulate COX-2 Expression through Suppression of NF-kappaB Activity in LPS-treated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HUVECs |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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