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| Methylene blue (MB), also known as methylthioninium chloride, is a thiazine dye that can be used as a medication, and can be administered orally, subcutaneously or intravenously. Mainly used to treat methemoglobinemia by chemically reducing the ferric iron in hemoglobin to ferrous iron Methylene blue is commonly used in medical practice, especially as a dye in microbiological staining Antidote in cyanide poisoning: an oxidation-reduction indicator: an antiseptic Pathways: - may increases the oxygen consumption of normal tissues having aerobic glycolysis, and of tumors - generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light activation -effects on mitochondrial metabolism may contribute to modulation of apoptosis and energy metabolism in cancer cells. -can affect the generation of reactive oxygen species. -Historically, it was used in patients with urinary tract infection -MB has also been used as a tracer for cancer diagnosis and as a photosensitizer for cancer treatment -shifts redox balance and can promote OXPHOS over glycolysis in some models(reverse Warburg effect) -can cross BBB and reach brain at concentrations 10 times higher than that in the circulation -causes shift from shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. -reduces glutathione reductase GSR (an enzyme of glutathione metabolism), context- and concentration-dependent
Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G
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| Oxidative phosphorylation (or phosphorylation) is the fourth and final step in cellular respiration. Alterations in phosphorylation pathways result in serious outcomes in cancer. Many signalling pathways including Tyrosine kinase, MAP kinase, Cadherin-catenin complex, Cyclin-dependent kinase etc. are major players of the cell cycle and deregulation in their phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cascade has been shown to be manifested in the form of various types of cancers. Many tumors exhibit a well-known metabolic shift known as the Warburg effect, where glycolysis is favored over OxPhos even in the presence of oxygen. However, this is not universal. Many cancers, including certain subpopulations like cancer stem cells, still rely on OXPHOS for energy production, biosynthesis, and survival. – In several cancers, especially during metastasis or in tumors with high metabolic plasticity, OxPhos can remain active or even be upregulated to meet energy demands. In some cancers, high OxPhos activity correlates with aggressive features, resistance to standard therapies, and poor outcomes, particularly when tumor cells exploit mitochondrial metabolism for survival and metastasis. – Conversely, low OxPhos activity can be associated with a reliance on glycolysis, which is also linked with rapid tumor growth and certain adverse prognostic features. Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation is not a universal strategy against all cancers. Targeting OXPHOS can potentially disrupt the metabolic flexibility of cancer cells, leading to their death or making them more susceptible to other treatments. Since normal cells also rely on OXPHOS, inhibitors must be carefully targeted to avoid significant toxicity to healthy tissues. Not all tumors are the same. Some may be more glycolytic, while others depend more on mitochondrial metabolism. Therefore, metabolic profiling of tumors is crucial before adopting this strategy. Inhibiting OXPHOS is being explored in combination with other treatments (such as chemo- or immunotherapies) to improve efficacy and overcome resistance. In cancer cells, metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark where cells often rely on glycolysis (known as the Warburg effect); however, many cancer types also depend on OXPHOS for energy production and survival. Targeting OXPHOS(using inhibitor) to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can selectively induce oxidative stress and cell death in cancer cells. -One side effect of increased OXPHOS is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). -Many cancer cells therefore simultaneously upregulate antioxidant systems to mitigate the damaging effects of elevated ROS. -Increase in oxidative phosphorylation can inhibit cancer growth. |
| 2540- | M-Blu, | Alternative mitochondrial electron transfer for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and cancers: Methylene blue connects the dots |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 2541- | M-Blu, | Spectroscopic Study of Methylene Blue Interaction with Coenzymes and its Effect on Tumor Metabolism |
| - | in-vivo, | Var, | NA |
| 2543- | M-Blu, | The use of methylene blue to control the tumor oxygenation level |
| - | in-vivo, | Lung, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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