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| Lignan found in bark of some magnolia species. Magnolol (MAG) — a bioactive biphenolic compound from Magnolia officinalis derived from the bark (roots and branches) of Magnolia species such as M. officinalis, M. obovata, and M. grandiflora The two main bioactive compounds isolated from these plants are MAG (5,5ʹ-diallyl-2,2ʹ-dihydroxybiphenyl) and Honokiol (3,5ʹ-diallyl-4,2ʹ-dihydroxybiphenyl) (Fig. 1) which are phenolic regioisomers. In the bark extracts of Magnolia plants, the composition of MAG ranges from 1 to 10%, while Honokiol comprises 1 to 5% Magnolol is a biphenolic neolignan isolated from the bark of Magnolia officinalis. It is structurally related to honokiol and is studied for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and neuroactive effects. In preclinical oncology models, magnolol is reported to modulate NF-κB, STAT3, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, and redox pathways, with downstream effects on cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, invasion/EMT, and angiogenesis. Oral bioavailability is limited and many cytotoxic concentrations reported in vitro are in the tens of µM range, often above typical systemic levels from standard supplementation. major pathways and molecular targets involved in magnolol’s anticancer actions: -Apoptosis: ↑ Bax, ↓ Bcl-2, ↑ cytochrome c, ↑ caspase-9, ↑ caspase-3 -Arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 or G2/M phase:↓ Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin B1, CDK1 -Inhibits NF-κB activation: ↓ IκBα, COX-2, TNF-α -Inhibits PI3K, Akt, and mTOR phosphorylation -Suppresses angiogenesis: ↓ Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, VEGF, cyclin D1 -Inhibits β-catenin nuclear translocation -increase ROS production in tumor cells → triggers mitochondrial apoptosis -Magnolol activates Nrf2 in normal cells → upregulates HO-1, NQO1: Protects normal tissue from oxidative stress during chemotherapy or inflammation. Most in-vitro IC50 values fall in the 10–100 µM range, often above typical systemic exposure.
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| Also known as CP32. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) is a common key protein in the apoptosis and pyroptosis pathways, and when activated, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene Gasdermin E (GSDME) determines the mechanism of tumor cell death. As a key protein of apoptosis, caspase-3 can also cleave GSDME and induce pyroptosis. Loss of caspase activity is an important cause of tumor progression. Many anticancer strategies rely on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells as a means to shrink tumors. Crucial for apoptotic function are executioner caspases, most notably caspase-3, that proteolyze a variety of proteins, inducing cell death. Paradoxically, overexpression of procaspase-3 (PC-3), the low-activity zymogen precursor to caspase-3, has been reported in a variety of cancer types. Until recently, this counterintuitive overexpression of a pro-apoptotic protein in cancer has been puzzling. Recent studies suggest subapoptotic caspase-3 activity may promote oncogenic transformation, a possible explanation for the enigmatic overexpression of PC-3. Herein, the overexpression of PC-3 in cancer and its mechanistic basis is reviewed; collectively, the data suggest the potential for exploitation of PC-3 overexpression with PC-3 activators as a targeted anticancer strategy. Caspase 3 is the main effector caspase and has a key role in apoptosis. In many types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer, caspase-3 expression is reduced or absent. On the other hand, some studies have shown that high levels of caspase-3 expression can be associated with a better prognosis in certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer. This suggests that caspase-3 may play a role in the elimination of cancer cells, and that therapies aimed at activating caspase-3 may be effective in treating certain types of cancer. Procaspase-3 is a apoptotic marker protein. Prognostic significance: • High Cas3 expression: Associated with good prognosis and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast, gastric, lung, and pancreatic cancers. • Low Cas3 expression: Linked to poor prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in colorectal, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian, and prostate cancers. |
| 4531- | MAG, | Magnolol-induced apoptosis in HCT-116 colon cancer cells is associated with the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 |
| 4527- | MAG, | Magnolol inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in esophagus cancer KYSE-150 cell lines via the MAP kinase pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | TE1 | - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | Eca109 | - | vitro+vivo, | SCC, | KYSE150 |
| 4528- | MAG, | Pharmacology, Toxicity, Bioavailability, and Formulation of Magnolol: An Update |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 4533- | MAG, | Magnolol, a natural compound, induces apoptosis of SGC-7901 human gastric adenocarcinoma cells via the mitochondrial and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 |
| 4534- | MAG, | Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by magnolol in colon and liver cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | COLO205 |
| 4519- | MAG, | Magnolol: A Neolignan from the Magnolia Family for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 4516- | MAG, | Magnolol Induces Apoptosis and Suppresses Immune Evasion in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Xenograft Models |
| - | in-vivo, | NSCLC, | NA |
| 4514- | MAG, | Magnolol and its semi-synthetic derivatives: a comprehensive review of anti-cancer mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and future therapeutic potential |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1314- | MAG, | Magnolol induces apoptosis via activation of both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways in A375-S2 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | A375 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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