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| Hormone in the body made by pineal gland. • Melatonin is a potent antioxidant. It neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are involved in DNA damage and cancer progression. • Melatonin has been shown to modulate apoptotic pathways by influencing mitochondrial permeability, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. • In several cancer cell models, melatonin appears to promote apoptosis in malignant cells while sparing normal cells. The most well-known indolamines are serotonin and melatonin, both of which play significant roles in regulating mood, sleep, and overall mental well-being. Melatonin doses (20 mg to even 40 mg per day), often given as an adjuvant treatment for cancer. -The plasma half-life of melatonin is generally in the range of approximately 20 to 60 minutes -It has been suggested that administering melatonin at the appropriate phase of the circadian cycle may enhance its anti-tumor activity and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Bio-availability: Oral melatonin has a low and variable bio-availability (often estimated between 3% and 33%), which means that only a fraction of the ingested dose reaches the bloodstream unchanged. For proOxidant effect might need >10uM, which might be 100mg dose (assuming 10% bio-availability) Might also be required X10 levels? -It remains unknown whether the pro-oxidant action exists in vivo. the vast majority of evidence indicates that melatonin is a potent antioxidant in vivo even at pharmacological concentrations. Interactions: -Melatonin could potentially add to the blood pressure–lowering properties of antihypertensive drugs. -Patients using insulin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose levels. -Melatonin might interact with drugs like warfarin, aspirin, or clopidogrel.(antiplatelet) Melatonin Cancer Relevant Pathways
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| Source: CGL-CS |
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| Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a group of proteins involved in transmitting signals from the cell surface to the nucleus, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). MAPK Pathways: The MAPK family includes several pathways, the most notable being: 1.ERK (Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase): Often associated with cell proliferation and survival. 2.JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase): Typically involved in stress responses and apoptosis. 3.p38 MAPK: Associated with inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Inhibitors: Targeting the MAPK pathway has become a strategy in cancer therapy. For example, BRAF inhibitors (like vemurafenib) are used in treating melanoma with BRAF mutations. Altered Expression Levels: Overexpression: Many cancers exhibit overexpression of MAPK pathway components, such as RAS, BRAF, and MEK. This overexpression can lead to increased signaling activity, promoting cell proliferation and survival. Downregulation: In some cases, negative regulators of the MAPK pathway (e.g., MAPK phosphatases) may be downregulated, leading to enhanced MAPK signaling. The expression levels of MAPK pathway components can serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response. For example, high levels of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) may indicate active MAPK signaling and poor prognosis in certain cancers. Numerous reports indicate that the MAPK pathway plays a major role in tumor progression and invasion, while inhibition of MAPK signaling reduces invasion. |
| 1782- | MEL, | Melatonin in Cancer Treatment: Current Knowledge and Future Opportunities |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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