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| Hormone in the body made by pineal gland. • Melatonin is a potent antioxidant. It neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are involved in DNA damage and cancer progression. • Melatonin has been shown to modulate apoptotic pathways by influencing mitochondrial permeability, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. • In several cancer cell models, melatonin appears to promote apoptosis in malignant cells while sparing normal cells. The most well-known indolamines are serotonin and melatonin, both of which play significant roles in regulating mood, sleep, and overall mental well-being. Melatonin doses (20 mg to even 40 mg per day), often given as an adjuvant treatment for cancer. -The plasma half-life of melatonin is generally in the range of approximately 20 to 60 minutes -It has been suggested that administering melatonin at the appropriate phase of the circadian cycle may enhance its anti-tumor activity and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Bio-availability: Oral melatonin has a low and variable bio-availability (often estimated between 3% and 33%), which means that only a fraction of the ingested dose reaches the bloodstream unchanged. For proOxidant effect might need >10uM, which might be 100mg dose (assuming 10% bio-availability) Might also be required X10 levels? -It remains unknown whether the pro-oxidant action exists in vivo. the vast majority of evidence indicates that melatonin is a potent antioxidant in vivo even at pharmacological concentrations. Interactions: -Melatonin could potentially add to the blood pressure–lowering properties of antihypertensive drugs. -Patients using insulin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose levels. -Melatonin might interact with drugs like warfarin, aspirin, or clopidogrel.(antiplatelet) Melatonin Cancer Relevant Pathways
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| CAIX (Carbonic Anhydrase IX) is a transmembrane enzyme that plays a crucial role in maintaining the pH balance in cells and their surroundings. In the context of cancer, CAIX has been found to be overexpressed in various types of tumors. CAIX is overexpressed in cancer cells compared to normal cells. This overexpression is thought to contribute to the increased ability of cancer cells to survive and grow in hypoxic environments. CA9 - Carbonic Anhydrase 9 / Carbonic Anhydrase IX Abbreviation: CA9, CA IX Type: Transmembrane carbonic anhydrase / pH-regulation enzyme / hypoxia-associated tumor marker Function: CA9 encodes carbonic anhydrase IX, a cell-surface enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and protons. In hypoxic cells, CA IX helps maintain intracellular pH by supporting bicarbonate availability while promoting extracellular acidification. CA9 expression is strongly induced by HIF-1α and is widely used as a marker of tumor hypoxia. Cancer: ↑ Frequently overexpressed in hypoxic regions of solid tumors and associated with tumor survival, extracellular acidification, invasion, metastasis, cancer stem-like phenotypes, treatment resistance, and poor prognosis. CA IX allows tumor cells to maintain a relatively alkaline intracellular environment despite high glycolytic acid production. Favorable Direction in Cancer: ↓ CA9/CA IX expression or activity is generally favorable because it disrupts tumor pH homeostasis, reduces extracellular acidification, and can increase sensitivity to hypoxia and anticancer treatment. |
| 1782- | MEL, | Melatonin in Cancer Treatment: Current Knowledge and Future Opportunities |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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