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| The (R)-enantiomer of alkannin is known as shikonin, and the racemic mixture of the two is known as shikalkin. Shikonin is a naphthoquinone derivative primarily isolated from the roots of plants in the Boraginaceae family (e.g., Lithospermum erythrorhizon). Shikonin is the main active component of a Chinese medicinal plant 'Zi Cao' -Shikonin is a major component of zicao (purple gromwell, the dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon), a Chinese herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory properties -Quinone methides (QMs) are highly reactive intermediates formed from natural compounds like shikonin -ic50 cancer cells 1-10uM, normal cells >10uM -known as Glycolysis inhibitor: ( inhibit pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2*******), a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway) Available from mcsformulas.com Shikonin Pro Liposomal, 30 mg Also In Glycolysis Inhibithree(100 mg PHLORIZIN,10 mg TANSHINONE IIA, 8 mg Shikonin) -Note half-life15-30mins or 8hr?. BioAv low, poor water solubility Pathways: - usually induce ROS production in cancer cells, and reduce ROS in normal cells. - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, GRP78↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓, - Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, TrxR↓**, SOD↓, GSH↓ Catalase↓ GPx4↓ - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, FAK↓, NF-κB↓, TGF-β↓, ERK↓ - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, - inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, ECAR↓, OXPHOS↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓ - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, P53↑, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells
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| Lipid peroxidation is a chain reaction process in which free radicals (often reactive oxygen species, or ROS) attack lipids containing carbon-carbon double bonds, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids. This attack results in the formation of lipid radicals, peroxides, and subsequent breakdown products. Lipid peroxidation can cause damage to cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and disruption of cellular functions. This damage can initiate a cascade of events that may contribute to carcinogenesis. The byproducts of lipid peroxidation, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), can form adducts with DNA, leading to mutations. These mutations can disrupt normal cellular processes and contribute to the development of cancer. Lipid peroxidation damages cell membranes, disrupts cellular functions, and can trigger inflammatory responses. It is a marker of oxidative stress and is implicated in many chronic diseases. Negative Prognostic Indicator: In many cancers, high levels of lipid phosphates, particularly S1P, are associated with poor prognosis, indicating a more aggressive tumor phenotype and potential resistance to therapy. Mixed Evidence: The prognostic significance of lipid phosphates can vary by cancer type, with some studies showing that their expression may not always correlate with adverse outcomes. |
| 2227- | SK, | Shikonin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and enhances chemotherapeutic sensitivity of gastric cancer through reactive oxygen species |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | BGC-823 | - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | GES-1 |
| 1284- | SK, | Shikonin induces ferroptosis in multiple myeloma via GOT1-mediated ferritinophagy |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | RPMI-8226 | - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | U266 |
| 2201- | SK, | Shikonin promotes ferroptosis in HaCaT cells through Nrf2 and alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice |
| - | in-vitro, | PSA, | HaCaT | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2202- | SK, | Enhancing Tumor Therapy of Fe(III)-Shikonin Supramolecular Nanomedicine via Triple Ferroptosis Amplification |
| - | in-vitro, | Var, | NA |
| 2199- | SK, | Induction of Ferroptosis by Shikonin in Gastric Cancer via the DLEU1/mTOR/GPX4 Axis |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | NA |
| 2198- | SK, | Shikonin suppresses proliferation of osteosarcoma cells by inducing ferroptosis through promoting Nrf2 ubiquitination and inhibiting the xCT/GPX4 regulatory axis |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | MG63 | - | in-vitro, | OS, | 143B |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:150 Target#:453 State#:% Dir#:2
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