| Features: Anti-oxidant, anti-tumor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thymoquinone is a bioactive compound found in the seeds of Nigella sativa, commonly known as black seed or black cumin. Pathways: -Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, ROS generation in cancer cells -inhibit the activation of NF-κB, Suppress the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade -Inhibit angiogenic factors such as VEGF, MMPs -Inhibit HDACs, UHRF1, and DNMTs -Note half-life 3-6hrs. BioAv low oral bioavailability due to its lipophilic nature. Note refridgeration of Black seed oil improves the stability of TQ. DIY: ~1 part lecithin : 2–3 parts black seed oil : 4–5 parts warm water. (chat ai) Pathways: - usually induce ROS production in Cancer cells, and lowers ROS in normal cells - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, GRP78↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓, Prx, - May Low AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓(usually contrary), GSH↓ HO1↓(contrary), GPx↓ - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, VEGF↓, FAK↓, NF-κB↓, CXCR4↓, TGF-β↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, DNMTs↓, EZH2↓, P53↑, HSP↓, Sp proteins↓, TET↑ - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, - inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PDKs↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓ - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Notch↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, α↓, ERK↓, JNK, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells
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| GSTA1 belongs to the glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily of enzymes. These enzymes catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to a variety of electrophilic substrates, thereby aiding in their detoxification. By facilitating the detoxification of reactive metabolites, carcinogens, and drugs, GSTA1 helps protect cells against oxidative stress and chemical-induced damage. In tumor cells, upregulation of GSTA1 may be a defensive response to increased oxidative stress. While this can protect normal cells, in a tumor setting, enhanced detoxification may allow cancer cells to survive in a hostile microenvironment. Elevated levels of GSTA1 have been linked to resistance to chemotherapy. As GSTA1 helps metabolize and clear chemotherapeutic agents, its overexpression in tumors can contribute to treatment resistance -GSTA1 expression levels are being evaluated as a prognostic marker. In some studies, its overexpression has correlated with aggressive tumor behavior, higher rates of recurrence, and reduced overall survival. |
| 3397- | TQ, | Thymoquinone: A Promising Therapeutic Agent for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer |
| - | Review, | CRC, | NA |
| 2137- | TQ, | Gastroprotective activity of Nigella sativa L oil and its constituent, thymoquinone against acute alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 2128- | TQ, | Thymoquinone inhibits phorbol ester-induced activation of NF-κB and expression of COX-2, and induces expression of cytoprotective enzymes in mouse skin in vivo |
| - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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