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| Ajoene is a compound found in garlic, specifically in the oil extracted from crushed garlic cloves. It has been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties. Research suggests that ajoene may have several mechanisms by which it can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis (cell death). Ajoene — an organosulfur secondary metabolite formed from garlic (Allium sativum) after crushing/processing (an allicin-derived transformation product; typically present as E/Z isomers). It is a thiol-reactive small molecule (vinyl-disulfide sulfoxide motif) studied mainly as a cytotoxic/anti-migratory agent in cancer models and as a topical antifungal. Classification: small-molecule natural product (garlic organosulfur compound). Abbreviation(s): none universally standard; often specified as E-ajoene / Z-ajoene. Primary mechanisms (ranked):
Bioavailability / PK relevance: Systemic human PK is poorly defined; ajoene is typically discussed as an allicin-derived downstream product and allicin itself is not detected in human serum after raw garlic ingestion in classic studies. Practical translation in oncology is therefore most credible for local/topical exposure or for optimized analogues; oral dietary exposure may not reproduce common in-vitro micromolar conditions reliably. In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Many anticancer studies use ~low–tens of µM in vitro; whether these levels are achievable systemically from diet/supplements is uncertain. Topical delivery can reach higher local concentrations (e.g., skin lesions/fungal infections), and small human topical studies exist. Clinical evidence status: Predominantly preclinical (cell culture and animal models). Small human topical evidence exists for basal cell carcinoma tumor shrinkage and for fungal skin infections (e.g., tinea pedis; chromoblastomycosis). No robust systemic oncology RCT evidence. Approximate ajoene content values for different parts of the garlic plant:Garlic bulbs: 1-5 mg of ajoene per clove Garlic scapes (green shoots): 0.5-2 mg of ajoene per 100g Garlic chives (leaves): 0.5-2 mg of ajoene per 100g Garlic microgreens: 1-5 mg of ajoene per 100g μM concentrations of ajoene that have been reported to exhibit biological activity: Antimicrobial activity: 1-10 μM Antioxidant activity: 1-50 μM Anti-inflammatory activity: 5-20 μM Anticancer activity: 10-50 μM Cardiovascular health: 5-20 μM Approximate unverified μM concentrations of ajoene that can be achieved with different amounts of garlic or garlic chives: 1 clove of garlic (3g): approximately 1-5 μM of ajoene 1 tablespoon of minced garlic (15g): approximately 5-15 μM of ajoene 1 cup of chopped garlic (100g): approximately 30-60 μM of ajoene 1 tablespoon of chopped garlic chives (15g): approximately 0.5-2 μM of ajoene 1 cup of chopped garlic chives (100g): approximately 5-10 μM of ajoene 1 ounce (28g) of garlic microgreens: approximately 10-30 μM of ajoene 1 cup of garlic microgreens (100g): approximately 30-60 μM of ajoene 1 ounce (28g) of garlic chive microgreens: approximately 5-15 μM of ajoene 1 cup of garlic chive microgreens (100g): approximately 15-30 μM of ajoene Ajoene — mechanistic axes relevant to oncology translation
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| Also known as CP32. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) is a common key protein in the apoptosis and pyroptosis pathways, and when activated, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene Gasdermin E (GSDME) determines the mechanism of tumor cell death. As a key protein of apoptosis, caspase-3 can also cleave GSDME and induce pyroptosis. Loss of caspase activity is an important cause of tumor progression. Many anticancer strategies rely on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells as a means to shrink tumors. Crucial for apoptotic function are executioner caspases, most notably caspase-3, that proteolyze a variety of proteins, inducing cell death. Paradoxically, overexpression of procaspase-3 (PC-3), the low-activity zymogen precursor to caspase-3, has been reported in a variety of cancer types. Until recently, this counterintuitive overexpression of a pro-apoptotic protein in cancer has been puzzling. Recent studies suggest subapoptotic caspase-3 activity may promote oncogenic transformation, a possible explanation for the enigmatic overexpression of PC-3. Herein, the overexpression of PC-3 in cancer and its mechanistic basis is reviewed; collectively, the data suggest the potential for exploitation of PC-3 overexpression with PC-3 activators as a targeted anticancer strategy. Caspase 3 is the main effector caspase and has a key role in apoptosis. In many types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer, caspase-3 expression is reduced or absent. On the other hand, some studies have shown that high levels of caspase-3 expression can be associated with a better prognosis in certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer. This suggests that caspase-3 may play a role in the elimination of cancer cells, and that therapies aimed at activating caspase-3 may be effective in treating certain types of cancer. Procaspase-3 is a apoptotic marker protein. Prognostic significance: • High Cas3 expression: Associated with good prognosis and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast, gastric, lung, and pancreatic cancers. • Low Cas3 expression: Linked to poor prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in colorectal, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian, and prostate cancers. |
| 5341- | Ajoene, | Ajoene (natural garlic compound): a new anti-leukaemia agent for AML therapy |
| - | Review, | AML, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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