| Features: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ajoene is a compound found in garlic, specifically in the oil extracted from crushed garlic cloves. It has been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties. Research suggests that ajoene may have several mechanisms by which it can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis (cell death). Ajoene — an organosulfur secondary metabolite formed from garlic (Allium sativum) after crushing/processing (an allicin-derived transformation product; typically present as E/Z isomers). It is a thiol-reactive small molecule (vinyl-disulfide sulfoxide motif) studied mainly as a cytotoxic/anti-migratory agent in cancer models and as a topical antifungal. Classification: small-molecule natural product (garlic organosulfur compound). Abbreviation(s): none universally standard; often specified as E-ajoene / Z-ajoene. Primary mechanisms (ranked):
Bioavailability / PK relevance: Systemic human PK is poorly defined; ajoene is typically discussed as an allicin-derived downstream product and allicin itself is not detected in human serum after raw garlic ingestion in classic studies. Practical translation in oncology is therefore most credible for local/topical exposure or for optimized analogues; oral dietary exposure may not reproduce common in-vitro micromolar conditions reliably. In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Many anticancer studies use ~low–tens of µM in vitro; whether these levels are achievable systemically from diet/supplements is uncertain. Topical delivery can reach higher local concentrations (e.g., skin lesions/fungal infections), and small human topical studies exist. Clinical evidence status: Predominantly preclinical (cell culture and animal models). Small human topical evidence exists for basal cell carcinoma tumor shrinkage and for fungal skin infections (e.g., tinea pedis; chromoblastomycosis). No robust systemic oncology RCT evidence. Approximate ajoene content values for different parts of the garlic plant:Garlic bulbs: 1-5 mg of ajoene per clove Garlic scapes (green shoots): 0.5-2 mg of ajoene per 100g Garlic chives (leaves): 0.5-2 mg of ajoene per 100g Garlic microgreens: 1-5 mg of ajoene per 100g μM concentrations of ajoene that have been reported to exhibit biological activity: Antimicrobial activity: 1-10 μM Antioxidant activity: 1-50 μM Anti-inflammatory activity: 5-20 μM Anticancer activity: 10-50 μM Cardiovascular health: 5-20 μM Approximate unverified μM concentrations of ajoene that can be achieved with different amounts of garlic or garlic chives: 1 clove of garlic (3g): approximately 1-5 μM of ajoene 1 tablespoon of minced garlic (15g): approximately 5-15 μM of ajoene 1 cup of chopped garlic (100g): approximately 30-60 μM of ajoene 1 tablespoon of chopped garlic chives (15g): approximately 0.5-2 μM of ajoene 1 cup of chopped garlic chives (100g): approximately 5-10 μM of ajoene 1 ounce (28g) of garlic microgreens: approximately 10-30 μM of ajoene 1 cup of garlic microgreens (100g): approximately 30-60 μM of ajoene 1 ounce (28g) of garlic chive microgreens: approximately 5-15 μM of ajoene 1 cup of garlic chive microgreens (100g): approximately 15-30 μM of ajoene Ajoene — mechanistic axes relevant to oncology translation
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Source: |
| Type: |
| Cytochrome c ** The term "release of cytochrome c" ** an increase in level for the cytosol. Small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. The term "release of cytochrome c" refers to a critical step in the process of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. In its new location—the cytosol—cytochrome c participates in the apoptotic signaling pathway by helping to form the apoptosome, which activates caspases that execute cell death. Cytochrome c is a small protein normally located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its primary role in healthy cells is to participate in the electron transport chain, a process that helps produce energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability leads to the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The release of cytochrome c is a pivotal event in apoptosis where cytochrome c moves from the mitochondria to the cytosol, initiating a chain reaction that leads to programmed cell death. On the one hand, cytochrome c can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by regulating the activity of various signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. This can lead to increased cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, which are hallmarks of cancer. On the other hand, cytochrome c can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells by interacting with other proteins, such as Apaf-1 and caspase-9. This can lead to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which can result in the death of cancer cells. Overexpressed in Breast, Lung, Colon, and Prostrate. Underexpressed in Ovarian, and Pancreatic. |
| 5341- | Ajoene, | Ajoene (natural garlic compound): a new anti-leukaemia agent for AML therapy |
| - | Review, | AML, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:196 Target#:77 State#:% Dir#:2
wNotes=0 sortOrder:rid,rpid