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| Methionine (MET) restriction (MR) has been shown to arrest cancer growth and sensitizes tumors to chemotherapy. -Many cancer cells rely heavily on exogenous methionine to sustain rapid growth and proliferation because they often have impaired methionine salvage pathways. -Methionine contributes to the synthesis of glutathione, a key antioxidant. (Methionine is a precursor of glutathione, a tripeptide that reduces reactive oxygen species.) -MR diets might influence the redox state of cancer cells, increasing oxidative stress and thereby leading to cell death in metabolically compromised tumor cells. -Proliferation and growth of several types of cancer cells are inhibited by MR, while normal cells are unaffected by limiting methionine as long as homocysteine is present. -Methionine restriction is effective when the non-essential amino acid, cysteine, is absent from the diet or media. methionine is the precursor for cysteine which is essential for the formation of GSH. -Malignant cells lack the enzyme required to recycle homocysteine therefore giving methionine restriction the capacity to alter cancer cells while maintaining normal, healthy cells. While vegan diets are typically low in methionine, some nuts and legumes (such as Brazil nuts and kidney beans) are rich in methionine. Foods to avoid for MR diet: Animal Proteins: -Red Meat (Beef, Pork, Lamb): -Poultry (Chicken, Turkey): -Fish and Seafood: -Eggs: Both the egg whites and yolks are protein rich. -Dairy Products: Milk, cheese, and yogurt Certain Plant Proteins: -Soy Products: -Legumes: Protein Supplements: Foods Lower in Methionine (Often Favorable on an MR Diet) Fruits & Vegetables: leafy greens, berries, apples, and citrus fruits. Grains & Cereals: rice, oats, and barley Nuts and Seeds: can vary in methionine content. Alternative Protein Sources: emphasize protein sources with a lower methionine-to-cysteine ratio.
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| (Also known as Hsp32 and HMOX1) HO-1 is the common abbreviation for the protein (heme oxygenase‑1) produced by the HMOX1 gene. HO-1 is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including the breakdown of heme, a toxic molecule. Research has shown that HO-1 is involved in the development and progression of cancer. -widely regarded as having antioxidant and cytoprotective effects -The overall activity of HO‑1 helps to reduce the pro‐oxidant load (by degrading free heme, a pro‑oxidant) and to generate molecules (like bilirubin) that can protect cells from oxidative damage Studies have found that HO-1 is overexpressed in various types of cancer, including lung, breast, colon, and prostate cancer. The overexpression of HO-1 in cancer cells can contribute to their survival and proliferation by: Reducing oxidative stress and inflammation Promoting angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) Inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death) Enhancing cell migration and invasion When HO-1 is at a normal level, it mainly exerts an antioxidant effect, and when it is excessively elevated, it causes an accumulation of iron ions. A proper cellular level of HMOX1 plays an antioxidative function to protect cells from ROS toxicity. However, its overexpression has pro-oxidant effects to induce ferroptosis of cells, which is dependent on intracellular iron accumulation and increased ROS content upon excessive activation of HMOX1. -Curcumin Activates the Nrf2 pathway leading to HO‑1 induction; known for its anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant effects. -Resveratrol Induces HO‑1 via activation of SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling; exhibits antioxidant and cardioprotective properties. -Quercetin Activates Nrf2 and related antioxidant pathways; contributes to anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory responses. -EGCG Promotes HO‑1 expression through activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway; also exhibits anti‑inflammatory and anticancer properties. -Sulforaphane One of the most potent natural HO‑1 inducers; triggers Nrf2 nuclear translocation and upregulates a battery of phase II detoxifying enzymes. -Luteolin Induces HO‑1 via Nrf2 activation; may also exert anti‑inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in various cell models. -Apigenin Has been reported to induce HO‑1 expression partly via the MAPK and Nrf2 pathways; also known for anti‑inflammatory and anticancer activities. |
| 2272- | dietMet, | Methionine restriction - Association with redox homeostasis and implications on aging and diseases |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
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