Gambogic Acid / Paraptosis Cancer Research Results

GamB, Gambogic Acid: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Gambogic acid is a naturally occurring xanthonoid extracted from the resin of trees belonging to the Garcinia genus—most notably, Garcinia hanburyi. This tree is native to regions in Southeast Asia, particularly found in areas of China, India, and neighboring countries.
Gambogic acid (GA; C38H44O8, MW: 628.76), a polyprenylated xanthone and a widely used coloring agent, is the main active ingredient of gamboges secreted from the Garcinia hanburyi tree ([3, 4], which mainly grows in Southeast Asia.
GA has been approved by the Chinese FDA for the treatment of solid cancers in Phase II clinical trials.

Pathways:
-evidence suggesting that it can inhibit thioredoxin reductase (TrxR).
-can indeed lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels
-Gambogic acid can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to cytochrome c release
-influences death receptors
-Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling
-Inhibition of VEGF Pathway
-Cell Cycle Arrest:
-p53 Activation
Rank Pathway / Target Axis Direction Primary Effect Notes / Cancer Relevance Ref
1 Thioredoxin / Thioredoxin reductase (Trx / TrxR) ↓ Trx / TrxR activity Redox buffering collapse Primary molecular target; covalent cysteine interaction drives loss of antioxidant capacity (ref)
2 ROS accumulation ↑ ROS Oxidative stress overload Immediate consequence of Trx/TrxR inhibition; upstream of mitochondrial damage (ref)
3 Mitochondrial integrity (ΔΨm) ↓ ΔΨm Mitochondrial dysfunction GA reduces mitochondrial membrane potential prior to execution-phase death (ref)
4 Intrinsic apoptosis / pyroptosis (caspase-3, GSDME) ↑ programmed cell death Execution-phase killing Mitochondrial apoptosis and caspase-3/GSDME-dependent pyroptosis reported (ref)
5 NF-κB signaling ↓ NF-κB activation Reduced pro-survival transcription Redox-sensitive suppression of NF-κB nuclear activity and target genes (ref)
6 PI3K–AKT survival signaling ↓ AKT phosphorylation Survival pathway collapse Downstream of oxidative stress and chaperone disruption (ref)
7 HSP90 chaperone function ↓ client stabilization Oncoprotein destabilization GA disrupts HSP90–client interactions affecting AKT, HER2, etc. (ref)
8 ER stress / UPR ↑ ER stress signaling Proteotoxic stress Secondary ER stress response following redox and mitochondrial disruption (ref)
9 Cell cycle regulation ↑ cell-cycle arrest Proliferation blockade Checkpoint activation downstream of stress signaling (ref)
10 Autophagy (stress-induced) ↑ autophagy Adaptive or pro-death response Autophagy induction reported; role varies by context (ref)
11 Angiogenesis signaling (VEGF) ↓ VEGF expression Anti-angiogenic effect Suppression of pro-angiogenic transcription observed (ref)
12 Tumor growth in vivo ↓ tumor volume Integrated outcome Xenograft models show significant tumor growth inhibition (ref)


Paraptosis, Paraptosis: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type: type of cell death
Paraptosis is a form of programmed cell death that differs morphologically from apoptosis.
– Key features include pronounced cytoplasmic vacuolation, mitochondrial and/or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) swelling, and the absence of classical apoptotic markers (such as caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane blebbing).
– It is considered a caspase-independent cell death mechanism.
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
1971- GamB,    Gambogic acid triggers vacuolization-associated cell death in cancer cells via disruption of thiol proteostasis
- in-vitro, Nor, MCF10 - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-435 - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-468 - in-vivo, NA, NA
Paraptosis↑, ER Stress↑, MMP↓, eff↓, selectivity↑, p‑ERK↑, p‑JNK↑, eff↓,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 1 of 1

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 1

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

MMP↓, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

p‑JNK↑, 1,   Paraptosis↑, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

ER Stress↑, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

p‑ERK↑, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

eff↓, 2,   selectivity↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 7

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Total Targets: 0

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: Paraptosis, Paraptosis
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:302  Target#:1078  State#:%  Dir#:2
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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