| Features: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Choline is an essential nutrient with key roles in brain function, liver metabolism, and cell membrane integrity. Its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cancer is increasingly studied due to its roles in methylation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and cell proliferation. -Choline is a precursor to acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter critical for memory and cognition. -AD is associated with a loss of cholinergic neurons, leading to decreased ACh levels. -Low choline levels may impair memory and accelerate neurodegeneration. -Dietary choline intake in humans correlates with better cognitive performance and lower risk of dementia in some cohorts. Choline and Cancer -Rapidly dividing cancer cells have high choline demand to support membrane biogenesis. -Almost every tumor cell type investigated showed increased levels of tCho (total Choline) metabolites compared to non-malignant counterparts lecithin and eggs are example soures of choline Choline — an essential quaternary amine nutrient required for phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin synthesis, acetylcholine production, lipoprotein export, and one-carbon metabolism. It is best classified as an essential nutrient and dietary supplement ingredient rather than an anticancer drug. Standard abbreviations include Chol and Cho; common supplemental or dietary forms include free choline, choline salts, phosphatidylcholine, lecithin, and glycerophosphocholine derivatives. Major sources are eggs, liver, meat, fish, dairy, legumes, and some cruciferous vegetables. In oncology, the strongest relevance is not as a validated therapeutic but as a metabolic substrate within the Kennedy phospholipid pathway, which is frequently upregulated in proliferating tumors and exploited diagnostically by choline-based imaging. Primary mechanisms (ranked):
Bioavailability / PK relevance: Dietary choline is absorbed from multiple forms, but precise comparative human bioavailability across forms remains incompletely defined. Typical supplements usually provide far less choline than pharmacologic gram-level exposures. Plasma handling is strongly form-dependent, and part of the oral choline load can be diverted by gut microbiota to trimethylamine and then trimethylamine N-oxide. Delivery is therefore systemic but nutritionally scaled, not tumor-selective. In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Many cancer-cell findings concern tumor choline metabolism, choline kinase activity, phosphocholine accumulation, or tracer uptake rather than a direct antitumor effect of ordinary oral choline supplementation. Common in-vitro manipulations of choline availability or pathway enzymes are not directly equivalent to achievable human supplement exposures. Choline itself is concentration-relevant, but its main translational meaning in cancer is usually metabolic support or imaging contrast, not selective tumor killing. Clinical evidence status: Nutritional and neurologic evidence is established for deficiency prevention and cholinergic support, but anticancer therapeutic evidence for choline itself is weak and nonstandard. Human oncology relevance is mainly observational, mechanistic, and diagnostic, especially choline-based PET imaging in prostate cancer recurrence. There is no established role for choline supplementation as a standard anticancer treatment, and in some cancer contexts higher intake has raised concern rather than showing clear benefit. Cancer Mechanistic Table
Alzheimer’s disease and CholineCholine — an essential quaternary amine nutrient required for acetylcholine synthesis, phosphatidylcholine production, membrane turnover, methyl-group metabolism via betaine, and normal neuronal function. In the Alzheimer’s disease context it is best classified as a nutritional and neurochemical support factor rather than a disease-modifying AD drug. Standard abbreviations include Chol and Cho; relevant related forms in the literature include phosphatidylcholine, citicoline (CDP-choline), and alpha-GPC, but these should not be treated as identical to choline itself. Major sources are eggs, liver, meat, fish, dairy, legumes, and supplemental choline salts or phospholipids. The strongest AD relevance is mechanistic and observational: cholinergic dysfunction is central to AD, brain phospholipid turnover is altered, and inadequate choline status may worsen cognitive vulnerability, but direct clinical proof that ordinary choline supplementation meaningfully slows AD progression remains limited. Primary mechanisms (ranked):
Bioavailability / PK relevance: Dietary and supplemental choline is orally bioavailable, but kinetics differ by form and tissue delivery is not brain-selective. Free choline, phosphatidylcholine, and related derivatives have different absorption, metabolism, and CNS relevance. Human translation is constrained by form dependence, microbiome conversion of some oral choline to trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide, and uncertainty about how much routine supplementation materially increases brain cholinergic function in established AD. In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: AD relevance is not mainly a high-concentration in-vitro phenomenon. The key issue is long-term nutritional sufficiency and whether chronic intake or specific choline forms improve brain signaling or membrane resilience in vivo. Preclinical animal studies often use prolonged supplementation and show stronger effects than current human intervention data. Clinical evidence status: Preclinical evidence is supportive, and observational human data suggest moderate dietary choline intake may correlate with better cognition or lower dementia risk. However, direct therapeutic evidence for choline itself in diagnosed AD remains limited and inconsistent. Stronger human literature exists for related cholinergic compounds such as citicoline or alpha-GPC, but that should not be conflated with plain choline. Overall status: plausible adjunctive nutritional relevance, not established disease-modifying AD therapy. Alzheimer's Disease Mechanistic Table
|
| Source: |
| Type: |
| In all eukaryotic cells, intracellular Ca2+ levels are maintained at low resting concentrations (approximately 100 nM) by the activity of the major Ca2+ extrusion system, the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), which exchanges extracellular protons (H+) for cytosolic Ca2+. Indeed, sustained elevation of [Ca2+]C in the form of overload, saturating all Ca2+-dependent effectors, prolonged decrease in [Ca2+]ER, causing ER stress response, and high [Ca2+]M, inducing mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), are considered to be pro-death factors. In cancer the Ca2+-handling toolkit undergoes profound remodelling (figure 1) to favour activation of Ca2+-dependent transcription factors, such as the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), c-Myc, c-Jun, c-Fos that promote hypertrophic growth via induction of the expression of the G1 and G1/S phase transition cyclins (D and E) and associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4 and CDK2). Thus, cancer cells may evade apoptosis through decreasing calcium influx into the cytoplasm. This can be achieved by either downregulation of the expression of plasma membrane Ca2+-permeable ion channels or by reducing the effectiveness of the signalling pathways that activate these channels. Such protective measures would largely diminish the possibility of Ca2+ overload in response to pro-apoptotic stimuli, thereby impairing the effectiveness of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic apoptotic pathways. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (VGCCs): Overexpression of VGCCs has been associated with increased tumor growth and metastasis in various cancers, including breast and prostate cancer. Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE): SOCE mechanisms, such as STIM1 and ORAI1, are often upregulated in cancer cells, contributing to enhanced cell survival and proliferation. High intracellular calcium levels are associated with increased cell proliferation and migration, leading to a poorer prognosis. Calcium signaling can also influence hormone receptor status, affecting treatment responses. Increased Ca²⁺ signaling is associated with advanced disease and metastasis. Patients with higher CaSR expression may have a worse prognosis due to enhanced tumor growth and resistance to apoptosis. -Ca2+ is an important regulator of the electric charge distribution of bio-membranes. |
| 6108- | Chol, | Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) as a Rising-Star Metabolite: Implications for Human Health |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:340 Target#:38 State#:% Dir#:2
wNotes=0 sortOrder:rid,rpid