Disulfiram / ICD Cancer Research Results

DSF, Disulfiram: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Disulfiram is a synthetic small-molecule drug best known for its use in the treatment of chronic alcohol use disorder. It is a thiuram disulfide compound with the chemical formula C₁₀H₂₀N₂S₄ and acts primarily as an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor. 
Main Actions:
-Potent copper-dependent pro-oxidant
-Targets ALDH⁺ cancer stem cells
-Strong clinical repurposing interest

Key pathways
-Cu-mediated redox cycling
-Proteasome inhibition
-Mitochondrial ROS

Chemo relevance
-Often synergistic
-Highly mechanism-dependent
Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells Label Primary Interpretation Notes
1 Metal chelation / Disulfiram–Cu complex formation ↑ DSF–Cu complex formation ↔ limited formation Driver Copper-dependent cytotoxic chemistry Elevated copper in cancer cells enables formation of cytotoxic DSF–Cu complexes; this is the initiating event for most anticancer effects
2 Proteasome / p97–NPL4 axis ↓ proteasome function; ↑ proteotoxic stress ↔ minimal disruption Driver Protein homeostasis collapse DSF–Cu disrupts protein degradation pathways, leading to accumulation of misfolded proteins and stress signaling
3 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) ↑ ROS (metal-dependent) ↔ buffered Secondary Oxidative stress amplification ROS rise follows DSF–Cu redox cycling and proteotoxic stress; not the primary trigger
4 Mitochondrial integrity / intrinsic apoptosis ↓ ΔΨm; ↑ caspase activation ↔ preserved Secondary Execution of cell death Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis occur downstream of proteostasis and redox stress
5 ALDH activity (ALDH1A1 / stemness) ↓ ALDH activity ↓ ALDH (clinically tolerated) Secondary Cancer stem-like cell targeting ALDH inhibition preferentially impacts cancer stem-like populations; normal cells tolerate inhibition at therapeutic exposure
6 NF-κB signaling ↓ NF-κB activation ↓ inflammatory NF-κB tone Secondary Suppression of survival transcription NF-κB inhibition reflects upstream proteotoxic and redox stress rather than direct targeting
7 Cell cycle progression ↓ proliferation / ↑ arrest ↔ largely spared Phenotypic Cytostatic growth control Growth inhibition reflects impaired protein turnover and metabolic stress
8 Apoptosis / non-apoptotic death ↑ apoptosis or proteotoxic death ↔ protected Phenotypic Threshold-dependent cell death Cell death modality depends on copper availability and stress magnitude


ICD, immunogenic cell death (ICD): Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type: type of cell death
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of regulated cell death that stimulates the immune system against dying cells.
ICD is characterized by the release or exposure of specific damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that function as “danger signals.” Key DAMPs (or ICD markers) include:
• Calreticulin (CRT) exposure
• ATP release
• High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) release
• Heat shock proteins (such as HSP70 and HSP90)
• Type I interferon (IFN) responses (indirectly involved through downstream signaling)

Higher expression/exposure of ICD markers such as calreticulin, ATP, extracellular HMGB1 (with favorable redox states), HSP70/90 when released, and type I IFN responses are generally associated with enhanced antitumor immunity and improved prognosis in several cancer types.
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
5010- DSF,  Cu,  Rad,    Disulfiram/Copper Combined with Irradiation Induces Immunogenic Cell Death in Melanoma
- in-vivo, Melanoma, B16-F10
Apoptosis↑, ICD↑, HMGB1↑, ATP↓, TumCG↓,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 1 of 1

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 1

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

ICD↑, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

ATP↓, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Apoptosis↑, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

TumCG↓, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

HMGB1↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 5

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Total Targets: 0

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: ICD, immunogenic cell death (ICD)
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:387  Target#:1080  State#:%  Dir#:2
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

Home Page