Disulfiram / Apoptosis Cancer Research Results

DSF, Disulfiram: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Disulfiram is a synthetic small-molecule drug best known for its use in the treatment of chronic alcohol use disorder. It is a thiuram disulfide compound with the chemical formula C₁₀H₂₀N₂S₄ and acts primarily as an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor. 
Main Actions:
-Potent copper-dependent pro-oxidant
-Targets ALDH⁺ cancer stem cells
-Strong clinical repurposing interest

Key pathways
-Cu-mediated redox cycling
-Proteasome inhibition
-Mitochondrial ROS

Chemo relevance
-Often synergistic
-Highly mechanism-dependent
Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells Label Primary Interpretation Notes
1 Metal chelation / Disulfiram–Cu complex formation ↑ DSF–Cu complex formation ↔ limited formation Driver Copper-dependent cytotoxic chemistry Elevated copper in cancer cells enables formation of cytotoxic DSF–Cu complexes; this is the initiating event for most anticancer effects
2 Proteasome / p97–NPL4 axis ↓ proteasome function; ↑ proteotoxic stress ↔ minimal disruption Driver Protein homeostasis collapse DSF–Cu disrupts protein degradation pathways, leading to accumulation of misfolded proteins and stress signaling
3 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) ↑ ROS (metal-dependent) ↔ buffered Secondary Oxidative stress amplification ROS rise follows DSF–Cu redox cycling and proteotoxic stress; not the primary trigger
4 Mitochondrial integrity / intrinsic apoptosis ↓ ΔΨm; ↑ caspase activation ↔ preserved Secondary Execution of cell death Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis occur downstream of proteostasis and redox stress
5 ALDH activity (ALDH1A1 / stemness) ↓ ALDH activity ↓ ALDH (clinically tolerated) Secondary Cancer stem-like cell targeting ALDH inhibition preferentially impacts cancer stem-like populations; normal cells tolerate inhibition at therapeutic exposure
6 NF-κB signaling ↓ NF-κB activation ↓ inflammatory NF-κB tone Secondary Suppression of survival transcription NF-κB inhibition reflects upstream proteotoxic and redox stress rather than direct targeting
7 Cell cycle progression ↓ proliferation / ↑ arrest ↔ largely spared Phenotypic Cytostatic growth control Growth inhibition reflects impaired protein turnover and metabolic stress
8 Apoptosis / non-apoptotic death ↑ apoptosis or proteotoxic death ↔ protected Phenotypic Threshold-dependent cell death Cell death modality depends on copper availability and stress magnitude


Apoptosis, Apoptosis: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type: type of cell death
Situation in which a cell actively pursues a course toward death upon receiving certain stimuli.
Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not die.
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
4913- DSF,    Anticancer effects of disulfiram: a systematic review of in vitro, animal, and human studies
- Review, Var, NA
Apoptosis↑, tumCV↑, eff↑, toxicity↓, antiNeop↑, ChemoSen↑, RadioS↑, OS↑, ROS↑, SOD↓, MMP1↓, eff↑, Half-Life↓,
4916- DSF,  Cu,    The immunomodulatory function and antitumor effect of disulfiram: paving the way for novel cancer therapeutics
- Review, Var, NA
TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, eff↑, Imm↑, ROS↑, NF-kB↓, chemoP↑, JNK↑, FOXO↑, Myc↑, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, RadioS↑, PD-L1↑, eff↑, CSCs↓, Dose↝, Half-Life↑,
5006- DSF,  Cu,    Disulfiram targeting lymphoid malignant cell lines via ROS-JNK activation as well as Nrf2 and NF-kB pathway inhibition
- vitro+vivo, lymphoma, NA
TumCD↑, TumCP↑, Apoptosis↑, NRF2↓, ROS↑, p‑JNK↑, p65↓, eff↓, NF-kB↓,
5010- DSF,  Cu,  Rad,    Disulfiram/Copper Combined with Irradiation Induces Immunogenic Cell Death in Melanoma
- in-vivo, Melanoma, B16-F10
Apoptosis↑, ICD↑, HMGB1↑, ATP↓, TumCG↓,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 4 of 4

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 4

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

ICD↑, 1,   NRF2↓, 1,   ROS↑, 3,   SOD↓, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

ATP↓, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Apoptosis↑, 4,   JNK↑, 1,   p‑JNK↑, 1,   Myc↑, 1,   TumCD↑, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

tumCV↑, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

TumCCA↑, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

CSCs↓, 1,   FOXO↑, 1,   TumCG↓, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

MMP1↓, 1,   TumCI↓, 1,   TumCMig↓, 1,   TumCP↓, 1,   TumCP↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

HMGB1↑, 1,   Imm↑, 1,   NF-kB↓, 2,   p65↓, 1,   PD-L1↑, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

ChemoSen↑, 1,   Dose↝, 1,   eff↓, 1,   eff↑, 4,   Half-Life↓, 1,   Half-Life↑, 1,   RadioS↑, 2,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

Myc↑, 1,   PD-L1↑, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

antiNeop↑, 1,   chemoP↑, 1,   OS↑, 1,   toxicity↓, 1,  
Total Targets: 38

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Total Targets: 0

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: Apoptosis, Apoptosis
4 Disulfiram
3 Copper and Cu NanoParticles
1 Radiotherapy/Radiation
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:387  Target#:14  State#:%  Dir#:2
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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