Cannabidiol / AXIN1 Cancer Research Results

CBD, Cannabidiol: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabinoid compound found in cannabis plants.
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa that has drawn interest for its potential anticancer properties.
Pathways:
-Mitochondrial dysfunction, with loss of membrane potential leading to the release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase cascades
-Receptor-Mediated Signaling (CB Receptors and Beyond)
-Can increase reactive oxygen species (ROS)
-Can induce ER stress, which activates the unfolded protein response.
-Suppress key survival and proliferation signaling cascades such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
-Impair angiogenesis

Cannabidiol — Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid from Cannabis sativa with pleiotropic signaling effects that include ion-channel modulation, lipid-membrane stress, mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress induction, and context-dependent receptor/transcriptional effects. It is formally classified as a plant-derived cannabinoid small molecule and, clinically, as the active ingredient of the FDA-approved oral drug Epidiolex for certain seizure disorders rather than for cancer treatment. Standard abbreviations include CBD; the major acidic biosynthetic precursor is CBDA. For oncology, the evidence base is still mainly preclinical, with recurrent themes of apoptosis or autophagic death, EMT and invasion suppression, and chemo-sensitization in selected models, but translation is constrained by formulation-dependent exposure, extensive first-pass metabolism, and clinically important drug-interaction and hepatic-safety considerations.

Primary mechanisms (ranked):

  1. Mitochondrial stress with ROS increase, membrane depolarization, and intrinsic cell-death signaling.
  2. TRP-channel mediated Ca²⁺ dysregulation, especially TRPV2 or TRPV4-linked stress responses in glioma models.
  3. ER stress and integrated stress-response signaling, including ATF4–DDIT3/CHOP-associated death programs.
  4. PI3K/Akt/mTOR survival-axis suppression with secondary effects on proliferation, autophagy, and metabolic fitness.
  5. Anti-migratory and anti-metastatic signaling, including EMT reversal and Wnt/β-catenin suppression in colorectal cancer models.
  6. PPARγ-associated pro-death and anti-proliferative signaling in some tumor contexts.
  7. Ceramide-linked stress signaling in pancreatic cancer models.
  8. Chemosensitization through enhanced drug uptake or stress amplification in selected models, especially glioma.

Bioavailability / PK relevance: CBD is highly lipophilic, has low and formulation-sensitive oral bioavailability, and undergoes extensive hepatic and gut metabolism primarily via CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and UGT pathways. Food markedly changes exposure; high-fat meals can increase systemic exposure several-fold. The approved prescription formulation has a long terminal half-life after repeated dosing, but oncology studies and commercial products are heterogeneous in formulation, route, and reliability of exposure.

In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: This is a major translation constraint. Many anticancer in-vitro studies use low-to-moderate or higher micromolar concentrations that may not be reproducibly achievable in tumors with standard oral dosing, especially with non-pharmaceutical products. Some local-delivery, inhaled, or nanoformulation approaches may improve relevance, but for most cancer contexts the mechanistic literature still outpaces clinically validated exposure-response data.

Clinical evidence status: Preclinical evidence is substantial. Human cancer evidence is limited to small early-phase studies, supportive-care trials, and ongoing exploratory cancer trials; there is no established cancer-directed indication. Current oncology guidance supports discussing cannabis or cannabinoids for selected supportive-care scenarios but recommends against using them as anticancer therapy outside clinical trials.

-Liver injury is one of the main labeled toxicities: ALT elevations above 3× ULN occurred in 12% to 13% of treated patients in controlled studies

Mechanistic ranking

Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Mitochondrial ROS and membrane injury ROS ↑; ΔΨm ↓; cytochrome c release ↑; caspase signaling ↑ ↔ or less sensitive in some models R/G Apoptosis or lethal stress Most central cross-tumor mechanism; often upstream of apoptosis and stress-pathway collapse.
2 TRPV2 or TRPV4 Ca²⁺ influx Ca²⁺ influx ↑; stress signaling ↑; drug uptake ↑ Limited effect reported in some astrocyte comparisons P/R Autophagy, apoptosis, chemosensitization Especially relevant in glioma literature; supports both direct cytotoxicity and adjunct sensitization.
3 ER stress and integrated stress response ATF4 ↑; DDIT3 CHOP ↑; UPR stress ↑ Usually weaker or not well defined R/G Death-program engagement Frequently coupled to Ca²⁺ dysregulation, ceramide changes, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
4 PI3K Akt mTOR survival signaling PI3K/Akt/mTOR ↓ ↔ (context-dependent) R/G Reduced survival and growth A common convergence node rather than always the initiating lesion.
5 Apoptosis execution program Apoptosis ↑; caspase 3 8 9 ↑; PARP cleavage ↑ ↔ or less pronounced in selected comparisons G Tumor cell loss Robust downstream phenotype across many cell systems.
6 Autophagy and mitophagy Autophagy ↑; mitophagy arrest or lethal autophagy ↑ Unclear selectivity R/G Stress adaptation failure or non-apoptotic death Can be cytotoxic or partially adaptive depending on model; important in glioma work.
7 EMT and Wnt β-catenin axis Wnt/β-catenin ↓; Snail ↓; vimentin ↓; E-cadherin ↑; metastasis programs ↓ Not established as a core normal-cell effect G Migration and invasion suppression Strong recent relevance in colorectal cancer models and consistent with the Nestronics entry.
8 PPARγ signaling PPARγ ↑ ↔ (context-dependent) R/G Pro-apoptotic transcriptional shift Mechanistically meaningful but not universal across tumor types.
9 Mitochondrial ROS increase secondary redox axis ROS ↑ Potential antioxidant or mixed effects in non-cancer settings P/R Stress amplification Include as a secondary redox axis rather than as the sole mechanism because CBD redox effects are context-dependent.
10 HIF-1α and angiogenesis signaling HIF-1α ↓; pro-angiogenic tone ↓ Not clearly established clinically G Vascular support restraint Present in preclinical literature and also reflected on the Nestronics page, but not a top translation driver.
11 Ceramide stress signaling CerS1 ↑; ceramide stress ↑ Unknown R/G ER stress linked cytotoxicity Currently most notable in pancreatic cancer work; may be subtype-specific.
12 Glycolysis and lipogenesis Lipogenesis ↓; metabolic fitness ↓ Systemic lipid effects also occur outside oncology G Metabolic disadvantage Mechanistically relevant but less mature as a core anticancer axis than stress-death signaling.
13 Chemosensitization Sensitivity to cytotoxics ↑ Potential therapeutic window depends on regimen G Adjunct leverage Most persuasive in glioma and some combination-model systems; clinically still exploratory.
14 Clinical Translation Constraint Micromolar in-vitro activity often exceeds routine systemic tumor exposure Normal-tissue PK and DDI burden remain clinically relevant G Limits standalone translation Poor and meal-sensitive oral bioavailability, product heterogeneity, hepatic injury risk, sedation, and CYP UGT interactions are major constraints.

P: 0–30 min
R: 30 min–3 hr
G: >3 hr
AXIN1, Axis inhibition protein 1: Click to Expand ⟱
Source: CGL-Driver Genes
Type: TSG
AXIN1 is a tumor suppressor and a crucial negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Abnormal expression of AXIN1 protein has been shown to be associated with various tumors, including CRC.
Axin1 Protein expression was decreased remarkably in tumor specimens when compared to normal tissues. Alterations of Axin1 including AXIN1 gene mutations and decreased Axin1 expression have been reported in several types of solid tumors.
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
1103- CBD,    Cannabidiol inhibits invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
- vitro+vivo, NA, NA
Apoptosis↑, TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumMeta↓, EMT↓, E-cadherin↑, N-cadherin↓, Snail↓, Vim↓, Hif1a↓, Wnt/(β-catenin)↓, AXIN1↑, TumVol↓, TumW↓,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 1 of 1

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 1

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Cell Death ⓘ

Apoptosis↑, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

AXIN1↑, 1,   EMT↓, 1,   Wnt/(β-catenin)↓, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

E-cadherin↑, 1,   N-cadherin↓, 1,   Snail↓, 1,   TumCMig↓, 1,   TumCP↓, 1,   TumMeta↓, 1,   Vim↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Hif1a↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

TumVol↓, 1,   TumW↓, 1,  
Total Targets: 14

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Total Targets: 0

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: AXIN1, Axis inhibition protein 1
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:54  Target#:23  State#:%  Dir#:2
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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