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| Phenolic acid found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark. Has anitoxidant, antimicrobial and anti-obesity properties. The GA derivatives include two types: ester and catechin derivatives. The most common ester derivatives of GA are alkyl esters, which are composed mainly of methyl gallate (MG), propyl gallate (PG), octyl gallate (OG), dodecyl gallate (DG), tetradecyl gallate (TG), and hexadecyl gallate (HG), and some of the main catechin derivatives are epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) Gallic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenol found in a variety of plant-based foods. Some of the best dietary sources include: Fruits: Berries (strawberries, blackberries, blueberries) Grapes, including red wine (grapes are rich in polyphenols) Pomegranates and apples Nuts and Seeds: Walnuts and almonds have been noted to contain GA in their skins Herbs and Spices: Tea (especially green tea), Sumac and other spices Other Plants: Gallnuts (from oak trees) Pathways: -ROS generation in tumor cells is frequently reported, Antioxidant behavior dominates in normal tissue models -Apoptosis Induction: Activating caspase cascades, Shifting Bax versus Bcl-2, MMP, cyt-c release -Cell Cycle Arrest: typ @ G1 or G2/M checkpoints. -Anti-inflammatory Effects: inhibiting NF-κB -reported Angiogenesis Inhibition: -Modulation of Signaling Pathways: MAPK Pathway, PI3K/Akt Pathway Inhibition, p53 Pathway Gallic acid exhibits a complex behavior with ROS in cancer cells, acting as both an antioxidant and a pro-oxidant depending on the context and its concentration: Antioxidant Effects at Low Doses: -At lower concentrations, gallic acid is typically characterized by its ability to scavenge free radicals, thus reducing oxidative stress. This antioxidant property may help protect normal cells from DNA damage, reducing the risk of mutations that could lead to cancer. Pro-oxidant Effects at High Doses: >50-100uM? -Capable of biphasic redox behavior (antioxidant in normal cells, pro-oxidant in some tumor contexts) -At higher concentrations, GA can exert pro-oxidant effects, generating ROS within cancer cells. Elevated ROS levels can overwhelm the cellular antioxidant defenses of cancer cells, leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ultimately cell death. Oral bioavailability is moderate but subject to rapid conjugation (glucuronide/sulfate/methylated metabolites). Many cytotoxic in-vitro concentrations are in the 10–100 µM range, often higher than typical plasma levels after dietary intake.
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| Glutathione (GSH) is a thiol antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in the formation of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Decreased amounts of GSH and a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio in tissues are biomarkers of oxidative stress. Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant found in every cell of the body, composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glutamine, and glycine. It plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress, detoxifying harmful substances, and supporting the immune system. cancer cells can have elevated levels of glutathione, which may help them survive in the oxidative environment created by the immune response and chemotherapy. This can make cancer cells more resistant to treatment. While glutathione can be obtained from certain foods (like fruits, vegetables, and meats), its absorption from supplements is debated. Some people take N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or other precursors to boost glutathione levels, but the effects on cancer prevention or treatment are still being studied. Depleting glutathione (GSH) to raise reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a strategy that has been explored in cancer research and therapy. Many cancer cells have altered redox states and may rely on GSH to survive. Increasing ROS levels can induce stress in these cells, potentially leading to cell death. Certain drugs and compounds can deplete GSH levels. For example, agents like buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) inhibit the synthesis of GSH, leading to its depletion. Cancer cells tend to exhibit higher levels of intracellular GSH, possibly as an adaptive response to a higher metabolism and thus higher steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). "...intracellular glutathione (GSH) exhibits an astounding antioxidant activity in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS)..." "Cancer cells have a high level of GSH compared to normal cells." "...cancer cells are affluent with high antioxidant levels, especially with GSH, whose appearance at an elevated concentration of ∼10 mM (10 times less in normal cells) detoxifies the cancer cells." "Therefore, GSH depletion can be assumed to be the key strategy to amplify the oxidative stress in cancer cells, enhancing the destruction of cancer cells by fruitful cancer therapy." The loss of GSH is broadly known to be directly related to the apoptosis progression. |
| 1624- | GA, | Anticancer Effect of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols against Cervical Cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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