| Rank |
Pathway / Axis |
Cancer / Tumor Context |
Normal Tissue Context |
TSF |
Primary Effect |
Notes / Interpretation |
| 1 |
NF-κB inflammatory signaling |
NF-κB ↓; COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α ↓ (reported) |
Inflammation tone ↓ |
R, G |
Anti-inflammatory / anti-survival modulation |
One of the more consistently reported mechanisms across tumor and inflammatory models. |
| 2 |
ROS / Redox modulation (context-dependent) |
ROS ↑ in some tumor models (extract-dependent) |
ROS ↓; antioxidant protection |
P, R |
Biphasic redox modulation |
Leaf extracts often antioxidant; certain fractions (isothiocyanates) may elevate ROS in tumor cells. |
| 3 |
Nrf2 / ARE pathway |
Context-dependent modulation |
Nrf2 ↑; antioxidant enzymes ↑ |
R, G |
Redox buffering |
Common polyphenol/isothiocyanate signature; tumor impact varies and may influence therapy sensitivity. |
| 4 |
PI3K → AKT (± mTOR) |
PI3K/AKT ↓ (reported; model-dependent) |
↔ |
R, G |
Growth/survival suppression |
Frequently secondary to inflammatory and oxidative stress pathway changes. |
| 5 |
MAPK pathways (ERK / JNK / p38) |
Stress MAPK modulation (JNK/p38 ↑ reported) |
↔ |
P, R, G |
Signal reprogramming |
Often associated with ROS-mediated apoptosis in tumor cells. |
| 6 |
Intrinsic apoptosis (mitochondrial) |
ΔΨm ↓; Bax ↑; caspases ↑ (reported) |
↔ (limited activation) |
G |
Cell death execution |
Observed in several cancer cell lines; magnitude depends on extract concentration and composition. |
| 7 |
Cell-cycle arrest (G1 / G2-M) |
Cell-cycle arrest ↑ (reported) |
↔ |
G |
Cytostasis |
Often associated with Cyclin/CDK modulation; phase varies by tumor model. |
| 8 |
Angiogenesis signaling (VEGF) |
VEGF ↓ (reported in some systems) |
↔ |
G |
Anti-angiogenic modulation |
Evidence present but less consistent than NF-κB or redox effects. |
| 9 |
Invasion / metastasis (MMPs / EMT) |
MMP2/MMP9 ↓; migration ↓ (reported) |
↔ |
G |
Anti-invasive phenotype |
Likely downstream of NF-κB and MAPK modulation. |
| 10 |
Bioavailability / extract variability |
Activity varies by preparation (leaf, seed, isolate) |
— |
— |
Translation constraint |
Complex phytochemistry; systemic levels from oral intake may not match in-vitro cytotoxic concentrations. |