Database Query Results : Ferulic acid, ,

FA, Ferulic acid: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Ferulic acid is an antioxidant found in some skin creams and serums.
Foods: popcorn, bamboo, whole-grain rye bread, whole-grain oat flakes, sweet corn (cooked)
Ferulic acid (FA) is a hydroxycinnamic acid abundant in plant cell walls (notably cereals/whole grains) with strong antioxidant and cytoprotective activity. Mechanistically, FA is frequently described as inducing Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant programs and suppressing NF-κB-linked inflammation, with additional model-dependent anticancer effects (cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, reduced invasion). Oral exposure is variable because FA is rapidly metabolized (often as conjugates) and bioaccessibility depends on the food matrix.

-Ferulic acid found in dietary strand fractions, especially its free form, has important functions for protecting the human health.
-AChE inhibitor (AD)
-Cooking results in an increase in free ferulic acid quantity and in a reduction in bound ferulic acid quantity.
Bamboo shoots       243.6 mg/100g
Sugar-beet pulp     800 mg/100g
Popcorn             313 mg/100g
Wheat bran	    500–1500mg/100g
Whole wheat flour   100–300mg/100g
            
Type of corn p-coumaric acidferulic acid
   mg/kg, DW mg/kg, DW
Yellow dent 18.9 265
American blue N.D. 927
Mexican blue 1.3 202
white 6.6 2484
Pathway / Target	Modulation by FA / Direction
Aβ aggregation	         ↓ Inhibits fibril formation and destabilizes existing Aβ fibrils 
BACE‑1 & APP	         ↓ Reduces BACE-1 and APP expression; ↑ MMP‑2/‑9 expression promoting Aβ clearance
Tau hyperphosphorylation  Implicitly ↓ through modulation of Ca²⁺/CDK5/GSK3β pathways
Ca²⁺         	         ↓ FA lowers STEP levels via chelation of Ca²⁺, suppressing PP2B → restores synaptic plasticity
(AChE / BChE)	         ↓ Inhibition of AChE (FA IC₅₀~15 µM, derivatives IC₅₀ down to 0.006 µM); also BChE
(MAO‑A/B)	         ↓ Inhibits MAO‑B (derivatives IC₅₀ ~0.3–0.7 µM), reducing ROS
ROS                      ↓ Scavenges ROS, enhances antioxidant enzymes (e.g., catalase), ↓ MDA
(COX‑2, 5‑LOX, NLRP3)	 ↓ Derivatives inhibit COX‑2/5‑LOX; derivative 13a ↓ NLRP3 inflammasome
Iron/Cu²⁺ chelation	 ↓ Metal-induced Aβ aggregation via chelation by FA and derivatives
Autophagy & Aβ clearance  ↗ Suggested promotion of autophagy mechanisms targeting Aβ
Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Nrf2 → HO-1 / ARE antioxidant response Stress adaptation modulation (context-dependent) Nrf2 ↑; HO-1 ↑; antioxidant defenses ↑ R, G Endogenous antioxidant upshift FA is repeatedly reported to promote Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 induction; this is one of the most defensible “core” mechanisms.
2 NF-κB inflammatory transcription (COX-2 / iNOS / cytokines) NF-κB ↓; COX-2/iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokine programs ↓ (reported) Inflammation tone ↓ (tissue protective) R, G Anti-inflammatory signaling Often described as downstream of redox changes and upstream of reduced inflammatory mediators; direction is consistent across many inflammation models.
3 ROS / oxidative stress tone Oxidative stress ↓ (often); ROS direction can vary by tumor model Oxidative injury ↓ P, R, G Redox buffering (context-dependent) FA is classically antioxidant; in tumor systems, effects may be secondary to signaling changes and vary with baseline redox instability.
4 Cell-cycle control (Cyclin D1 / CDK4/6; checkpoints) Cell-cycle arrest ↑ (reported); Cyclin D1 ↓; proliferation ↓ ↔ G Cytostasis Frequently reported as later phenotype-level outcomes; direction and checkpoint phase (G1 vs G2/M) vary by model.
5 Apoptosis (intrinsic caspase-linked; p53 axis in some models) Apoptosis ↑; caspase activation ↑ (reported); p53/p21 ↑ (model-dependent) ↔ (generally less activation) G Cell death execution Apoptosis is commonly observed in cancer models but is not as “signature-direct” as for mitochondrial toxins; best treated as downstream/conditional.
6 MAPK re-wiring (ERK / JNK / p38) MAPK modulation (context-dependent) ↔ P, R, G Signal reprogramming MAPK direction depends on whether FA is acting primarily as anti-inflammatory/anti-stress vs antiproliferative; avoid hard arrows for p38/JNK/ERK unless model-specific.
7 PI3K → AKT (± mTOR) survival axis PI3K/AKT modulation (reported; model-dependent) ↔ R, G Survival/growth modulation Often listed in anticancer summaries; treat as “reported” rather than universal primary mechanism.
8 Invasion / metastasis programs (MMPs / migration) MMPs ↓; migration/invasion ↓ (reported) ↔ G Anti-invasive phenotype Observed as later outcomes (gene expression + phenotype assays) and commonly linked to NF-κB/MAPK context.
9 Radiation/chemo injury mitigation (supportive care framing) Adjunct potential: may reduce treatment-associated oxidative/inflammatory injury (context) Tissue protection ↑ (reported) G Cytoprotection Animal models report radioprotective/anti-inflammatory effects; present as supportive/adjunct rather than standalone anticancer therapy.
10 Bioavailability / metabolism constraint (conjugation; food-matrix dependence) Systemic exposure variable; much appears as glucuronide/sulfate conjugates — — Translation constraint FA is absorbed and rapidly metabolized; “bioavailability” varies widely with food matrix and binding to polysaccharides in grains.

Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G

  • P: 0–30 min (primary/rapid effects; early redox interactions / rapid signaling shifts)
  • R: 30 min–3 hr (acute stress-response + transcription signaling shifts)
  • G: >3 hr (gene-regulatory adaptation and phenotype-level outcomes)
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
3715- FA,  CUR,  PS,    The Additive Effects of Low Dose Intake of Ferulic Acid, Phosphatidylserine and Curcumin, Not Alone, Improve Cognitive Function in APPswe/PS1dE9 Transgenic Mice
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*cognitive↑, *IL1β↓, *Ach↑, *Aβ↓, *p‑tau↓, *BDNF↑, *APP↓,
4251- FA,    Antidepressant-Like Effect of Ferulic Acid via Promotion of Energy Metabolism Activity
- in-vivo, NA, NA
*BDNF↑, *ATP↑, *Mood↑,
3783- FA,    Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Ferulic Acid-Piperazine Derivatives Targeting Pathological Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease
- NA, AD, NA
*ROS↓, *IronCh↑, *NLRP3↓, *Aβ↓, *AChE↓, *BChE↓, *antiOx↑, *BBB↑, *MMP↑, *memory↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑,
3782- FA,    Ferulic acid ameliorates bisphenol A (BPA)-induced Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology through Akt-ERK crosstalk pathway in male rats
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*cognitive↑, *ERK↓, *p‑Akt↓, *AChE↓, *BACE↓, *neuroP↑, *ROS↓, *MDA↓, *GSH↑, *GSSG↓, *p‑tau↓, *lipid-P↓, *Aβ↓,
3781- FA,    Therapeutic potential of ferulic acid and its derivatives in Alzheimer’s disease—A systematic review
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *BBB↑, *AChE↓, *BChE↓,
3780- FA,    Ferulic Acid: A Natural Antioxidant with Application Towards Neuroprotection Against Alzheimer’s Disease
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *HO-1↑, *neuroP↑, *AChE↓, *MMP↑,
3779- FA,    A review on ferulic acid and analogs based scaffolds for the management of Alzheimer’s disease
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *neuroP↑, *Aβ↓, *Inflam↓, *COX2↓, *Casp↓, *NOS2↓, *HO-1↑, *AChE∅, *BChE∅, *memory↑,
3778- FA,    Recent Advances in the Neuroprotective Properties of Ferulic Acid in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review
- Review, AD, NA
*neuroP↑, *Aβ↓, *antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *ROS↓, *NF-kB↓, *NLRP3↓, *iNOS↓, *COX2↓, *TNF-α↓, *IL1β↓, *VCAM-1↓, *ICAM-1↓, *p‑MAPK?, *hepatoP↑, *TLR4↓, *PPARγ↑, *NRF2↑, *Fenton↓, *IronCh↑, *MDA↓, *HO-1↑, *Bil↑, *GCLC↑, *GCLM↑, *NQO1↑, *GutMicro↑, *SOD↑, *Ca+2↓, *lipid-P↓, *PGE2↓,
3718- FA,    Therapeutic potential of ferulic acid and its derivatives in Alzheimer's disease-A systematic review
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *Inflam↓,
3717- FA,    Neuroprotective Properties of Ferulic Acid in Preclinical Models of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Literature Review
- Review, AD, NA
*toxicity↓, *BBB↑, *Aβ↓, *antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *neuroP↑,
3716- FA,    Ferulic Acid as a Protective Antioxidant of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells
- in-vitro, IBD, NA - in-vivo, NA, NA
*antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *ER Stress↓, *other↑, *angioG↑, *Hif1a↑, *VEGF↑, *NO↓, *SIRT1↑, *PERK↓, *ATF4↓, *CHOP↓, *GutMicro↑,
1112- FA,    Ferulic acid exerts antitumor activity and inhibits metastasis in breast cancer cells by regulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231 - in-vivo, BC, NA
tumCV↓, Apoptosis↑, AntiTum↑, TumMeta↓, EMT↓, TumVol↓, TumW↓,
3714- FA,    Recent Advances in the Neuroprotective Properties of Ferulic Acid in Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *neuroP↑, *NF-kB↓, *NLRP3↓, *iNOS↓, *COX2↓, *TNF-α↓, *IL1β↓, *VCAM-1↓, *ICAM-1↓, *p‑MAPK↓, *p38↓, *JNK↓, *IL6↓, *IL8↓, *hepatoP↑, *RenoP↑, *Catalase↑, *PPARγ↑, *ROS↓, *Fenton↓, *IronCh↑, *SOD↑, *MDA↓, *lipid-P↓, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *ARE↑, *Bil↑, *radioP↑, *GCLC↑, *GCLM↑, *NQO1↑, *Half-Life↝, *GutMicro↑, *Aβ↓, *BDNF↑, *Ca+2↓, *lipid-P↓, *PGE2↓, *cognitive↑, *ChAT↑, *memory↑, *Dose↝, *toxicity↓,
3713- FA,    Protective Effect of Ferulic Acid on Acetylcholinesterase and Amyloid Beta Peptide Plaque Formation in Alzheimer’s Disease: An In Vitro Study
- Review, AD, NA
*AChE↓, *antiOx↑, *neuroP↑, *Aβ↓, *MMP↓, *XO↓, *SOD↑, *lipid-P↑, *ROS↓,
3712- FA,    Ferulic Acid: A Hope for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy from Plants
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *ROS↓, *Aβ↓, *HO-1↑, *HSP70/HSPA5↑, *ERK↑, *Akt↑, *iNOS↓, *COX2↓, *cardioP↑, *memory↑, *IL2↓, *cognitive↑, *APP↓, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *Akt↑, *BioAv↑,
3711- FA,    A review on ferulic acid and analogs based scaffolds for the management of Alzheimer's disease
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *neuroP↑, *Aβ↓, *Inflam↓, *AChE↓, *IronCh↑,
3710- FA,    Therapeutic Potential of Ferulic Acid in Alzheimer's Disease
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *AntiCan↑, *Inflam↓, *hepatoP↑, *cardioP↑, *neuroP↑, *Aβ↓, *ROS↓, *AChE↓,
1656- FA,    Ferulic Acid: A Natural Phenol That Inhibits Neoplastic Events through Modulation of Oncogenic Signaling
- Review, Var, NA
tyrosinase↓, CK2↓, TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, FGF↓, FGFR1↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, VEGF↓, FGFR1↓, FGFR2↓, PDGF↓, ALAT↓, AST↓, TumCCA↑, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, BAX↓, Bcl-2↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, P53↑, PARP↑, PUMA↑, NOXA↑, Casp3↑, Casp9↑, TIMP1↑, lipid-P↑, mtDam↑, EMT↓, Vim↓, E-cadherin↓, p‑STAT3↓, COX2↓, CDC25↓, RadioS↑, ROS↑, DNAdam↑, γH2AX↑, PTEN↑, LC3II↓, Beclin-1↓, SOD↓, Catalase↓, GPx↓, Fas↑, *BioAv↓, cMyc↓, Beclin-1↑, LC3‑Ⅱ/LC3‑Ⅰ↓,
1655- FA,    Ferulic acid inhibiting colon cancer cells at different Duke’s stages
- in-vitro, Colon, SW480 - in-vitro, Colon, Caco-2 - in-vitro, Colon, HCT116
TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, ATM↑, Chk2↑, ATR↑, CHK1↑, CK2↓, cycA1/CCNA1↑, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, cycE/CCNE↓, P53↑, P21↑,
1654- FA,    Molecular mechanism of ferulic acid and its derivatives in tumor progression
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, Inflam↓, RadioS↑, ROS↑, Apoptosis↑, TumCCA↑, TumCMig↑, TumCI↓, angioG↓, ChemoSen↑, ChemoSideEff↓, P53↑, cycD1/CCND1↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, TumW↓, miR-34a↑, Bcl-2↓, Casp3↑, BAX↑, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, cMyc↓, Bax:Bcl2↑, SOD↓, GSH↓, LDH↓, ERK↑, eff↑, JAK2↓, STAT6↓, NF-kB↓, PYCR1↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓, Ki-67↓, VEGF↓, FGFR1↓, EMT↓, CAIX↓, LC3II↑, p62↑, PKM2↓, Glycolysis↓, *BioAv↓,
1289- FA,    Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects of Ferulic Acid on Renal Carcinoma Cell Line (ACHN)
- in-vitro, RCC, NA
Bcl-2↓, BAX↑, Apoptosis↑,

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 21

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

Catalase↓, 1,   GPx↓, 1,   GSH↓, 1,   lipid-P↑, 1,   PYCR1↓, 1,   ROS↑, 2,   SOD↓, 2,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

CDC25↓, 1,   FGFR1↓, 3,   mtDam↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,   CAIX↓, 1,   cMyc↓, 2,   Glycolysis↓, 1,   LDH↓, 1,   PKM2↓, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↓, 2,   Apoptosis↑, 4,   BAX↓, 1,   BAX↑, 2,   Bax:Bcl2↑, 1,   Bcl-2↓, 3,   Casp3↑, 2,   Casp9↑, 1,   Chk2↑, 1,   CK2↓, 2,   Fas↑, 1,   NOXA↑, 1,   PUMA↑, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

tumCV↓, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes ⓘ

Beclin-1↓, 1,   Beclin-1↑, 1,   LC3‑Ⅱ/LC3‑Ⅰ↓, 1,   LC3II↓, 1,   LC3II↑, 1,   p62↑, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

ATM↑, 1,   ATR↑, 1,   CHK1↑, 1,   DNAdam↑, 1,   P53↑, 3,   PARP↑, 1,   γH2AX↑, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

CDK2↓, 1,   CDK4↓, 3,   cycA1/CCNA1↑, 1,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 2,   cycE/CCNE↓, 1,   P21↑, 1,   TumCCA↑, 3,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

EMT↓, 3,   ERK↑, 1,   FGF↓, 1,   FGFR2↓, 1,   miR-34a↑, 1,   mTOR↓, 1,   PI3K↓, 2,   PTEN↑, 1,   p‑STAT3↓, 1,   STAT6↓, 1,   tyrosinase↓, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

E-cadherin↓, 1,   Ki-67↓, 1,   MMP2↓, 1,   MMP9↓, 1,   PDGF↓, 1,   TIMP1↑, 1,   TumCI↓, 1,   TumCMig↓, 2,   TumCMig↑, 1,   TumCP↓, 2,   TumMeta↓, 1,   Vim↓, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

angioG↓, 1,   VEGF↓, 2,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX2↓, 1,   Inflam↓, 1,   JAK2↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors ⓘ

CDK6↓, 3,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

ChemoSen↑, 1,   eff↑, 1,   RadioS↑, 2,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,   AST↓, 1,   Ki-67↓, 1,   LDH↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 1,   AntiTum↑, 1,   ChemoSideEff↓, 1,   TumVol↓, 1,   TumW↓, 2,  
Total Targets: 93

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↑, 13,   ARE↑, 1,   Bil↑, 2,   Catalase↑, 4,   Fenton↓, 2,   GCLC↑, 2,   GCLM↑, 2,   GSH↑, 1,   GSSG↓, 1,   HO-1↑, 5,   lipid-P↓, 4,   lipid-P↑, 1,   MDA↓, 3,   NQO1↑, 2,   NRF2↑, 2,   ROS↓, 8,   SOD↑, 6,  

Metal & Cofactor Biology ⓘ

IronCh↑, 4,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

ATP↑, 1,   MMP↓, 1,   MMP↑, 2,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

PPARγ↑, 2,   SIRT1↑, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↑, 2,   p‑Akt↓, 1,   Casp↓, 1,   iNOS↓, 3,   JNK↓, 1,   p‑MAPK?, 1,   p‑MAPK↓, 1,   p38↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

Ach↑, 1,   other↑, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

CHOP↓, 1,   ER Stress↓, 1,   HSP70/HSPA5↑, 1,   PERK↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

ERK↓, 1,   ERK↑, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

APP↓, 2,   Ca+2↓, 2,   VCAM-1↓, 2,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

angioG↑, 1,   ATF4↓, 1,   Hif1a↑, 1,   NO↓, 1,   VEGF↑, 1,  

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

BBB↑, 3,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX2↓, 4,   ICAM-1↓, 2,   IL1β↓, 3,   IL2↓, 1,   IL6↓, 1,   IL8↓, 1,   Inflam↓, 10,   NF-kB↓, 2,   PGE2↓, 2,   TLR4↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 2,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

AChE↓, 7,   AChE∅, 1,   BChE↓, 2,   BChE∅, 1,   BDNF↑, 3,   ChAT↑, 1,   p‑tau↓, 2,  

Protein Aggregation ⓘ

Aβ↓, 11,   BACE↓, 1,   NLRP3↓, 3,   XO↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 2,   BioAv↑, 1,   Dose↝, 1,   Half-Life↝, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

Bil↑, 2,   GutMicro↑, 3,   IL6↓, 1,   NOS2↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 2,   cognitive↑, 4,   hepatoP↑, 3,   memory↑, 4,   Mood↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 9,   radioP↑, 1,   RenoP↑, 1,   toxicity↓, 2,  
Total Targets: 88

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:77  Target#:%  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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