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| Also known as CP32. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) is a common key protein in the apoptosis and pyroptosis pathways, and when activated, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene Gasdermin E (GSDME) determines the mechanism of tumor cell death. As a key protein of apoptosis, caspase-3 can also cleave GSDME and induce pyroptosis. Loss of caspase activity is an important cause of tumor progression. Many anticancer strategies rely on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells as a means to shrink tumors. Crucial for apoptotic function are executioner caspases, most notably caspase-3, that proteolyze a variety of proteins, inducing cell death. Paradoxically, overexpression of procaspase-3 (PC-3), the low-activity zymogen precursor to caspase-3, has been reported in a variety of cancer types. Until recently, this counterintuitive overexpression of a pro-apoptotic protein in cancer has been puzzling. Recent studies suggest subapoptotic caspase-3 activity may promote oncogenic transformation, a possible explanation for the enigmatic overexpression of PC-3. Herein, the overexpression of PC-3 in cancer and its mechanistic basis is reviewed; collectively, the data suggest the potential for exploitation of PC-3 overexpression with PC-3 activators as a targeted anticancer strategy. Caspase 3 is the main effector caspase and has a key role in apoptosis. In many types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer, caspase-3 expression is reduced or absent. On the other hand, some studies have shown that high levels of caspase-3 expression can be associated with a better prognosis in certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer. This suggests that caspase-3 may play a role in the elimination of cancer cells, and that therapies aimed at activating caspase-3 may be effective in treating certain types of cancer. Procaspase-3 is a apoptotic marker protein. Prognostic significance: • High Cas3 expression: Associated with good prognosis and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast, gastric, lung, and pancreatic cancers. • Low Cas3 expression: Linked to poor prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in colorectal, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian, and prostate cancers. |
| 5901- | CAR, | Neuroprotective role of carvacrol in ischemic brain injury: a systematic review of preclinical evidence and proposed TRPM7 involvement |
| - | Review, | Stroke, | NA |
| 5897- | CAR, | Carvacrol Selectively Induces Mitochondria-Related Apoptotic Signaling in Primary Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | NA |
| 5894- | CAR, | Targeting Gastrointestinal Cancers with Carvacrol: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5893- | CAR, | TV, | Thymol and Carvacrol: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Synergy With Conventional Therapies in Cancer Management |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5891- | CAR, | SRF, | Carvacrol enhances anti-tumor activity and mitigates cardiotoxicity of sorafenib in thioacetamide-induced hepatocellular carcinoma model through inhibiting TRPM7 |
| - | in-vivo, | HCC, | NA |
| 1287- | CAR, | Carvacrol induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via Bcl-2/CytC signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | HCC1937 |
| 5919- | Cats, | Cisplatin, | Uncaria tomentosa Leaves Decoction Modulates Differently ROS Production in Cancer and Normal Cells, and Effects Cisplatin Cytotoxicity |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 |
| 5914- | Cats, | Induction of apoptosis by Uncaria tomentosa through reactive oxygen species production, cytochrome c release, and caspases activation in human leukemia cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 5939- | Cela, | Chemo, | Celastrol inhibits proliferation and induces chemosensitization through down-regulation of NF-κB and STAT3 regulated gene products in multiple myeloma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | U266 | - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | RPMI-8226 |
| 5943- | Cela, | Celastrol: A Spectrum of Treatment Opportunities in Chronic Diseases |
| - | Review, | Arthritis, | NA | - | Review, | IBD, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA |
| 5948- | Cela, | Recent Trends in anti-tumor mechanisms and molecular targets of celastrol |
| 6017- | CGA, | Therapeutic Potential of Chlorogenic Acid in Chemoresistance and Chemoprotection in Cancer Treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6002- | CGA, | Chlorogenic Acid: A Systematic Review on the Biological Functions, Mechanistic Actions, and Therapeutic Potentials |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | Diabetic, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA | - | Review, | Stroke, | NA |
| 6009- | CGA, | Chlorogenic Acid: An In-Depth Review of Its Effectiveness in Cancer Treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6010- | CGA, | The Biological Activity Mechanism of Chlorogenic Acid and Its Applications in Food Industry: A Review |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 6012- | CGA, | Chlorogenic Acid as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Cholangiocarcinoma |
| - | in-vitro, | CCA, | HCC9810 |
| 1298- | CGA, | Chlorogenic acid regulates apoptosis and stem cell marker-related gene expression in A549 human lung cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 5994- | Chit, | Anticancer Activity of Chitosan, Chitosan Derivatives, and Their Mechanism of Action |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 4478- | Chit, | Chitosan promotes ROS-mediated apoptosis and S phase cell cycle arrest in triple-negative breast cancer cells: evidence for intercalative interaction with genomic DNA |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | T47D |
| 2804- | CHr, | Rad, | Gamma-Irradiated Chrysin Improves Anticancer Activity in HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells Through Mitochondria-Related Pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HT29 |
| 2805- | CHr, | Chrysin serves as a novel inhibitor of DGKα/FAK interaction to suppress the malignancy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) |
| - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | KYSE150 | - | in-vivo, | ESCC, | NA |
| 2807- | CHr, | Evidence-based mechanistic role of chrysin towards protection of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in rats |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 2780- | CHr, | Anti-cancer Activity of Chrysin in Cancer Therapy: a Systematic Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2782- | CHr, | Broad-Spectrum Preclinical Antitumor Activity of Chrysin: Current Trends and Future Perspectives |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | Stroke, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA |
| 2783- | CHr, | Apoptotic Effects of Chrysin in Human Cancer Cell Lines |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2785- | CHr, | Emerging cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying anticancer indications of chrysin |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2786- | CHr, | Chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of chrysin in cancer: mechanistic perspectives |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2787- | CHr, | Network pharmacology unveils the intricate molecular landscape of Chrysin in breast cancer therapeutics |
| - | Analysis, | Var, | MCF-7 |
| 2790- | CHr, | Chrysin: Pharmacological and therapeutic properties |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1144- | CHr, | 8-bromo-7-methoxychrysin-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells involves ROS and JNK |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HepG2 | - | in-vitro, | HCC, | Bel-7402 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HL7702 |
| 1145- | CHr, | Chrysin inhibits propagation of HeLa cells by attenuating cell survival and inducing apoptotic pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 1249- | CHr, | Chrysin as an Anti-Cancer Agent Exerts Selective Toxicity by Directly Inhibiting Mitochondrial Complex II and V in CLL B-lymphocytes |
| - | in-vitro, | CLL, | NA |
| 1593- | Citrate, | Citrate Induces Apoptotic Cell Death: A Promising Way to Treat Gastric Carcinoma? |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | BGC-823 | - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 |
| 1587- | Citrate, | ATP citrate lyase: A central metabolic enzyme in cancer |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
| 1585- | Citrate, | Sodium citrate targeting Ca2+/CAMKK2 pathway exhibits anti-tumor activity through inducing apoptosis and ferroptosis in ovarian cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | SKOV3 | - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | A2780S | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HEK293 |
| 1580- | Citrate, | Citrate activates autophagic death of prostate cancer cells via downregulation CaMKII/AKT/mTOR pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 | - | in-vivo, | PC, | NA | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | LNCaP | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | WPMY-1 |
| 1578- | Citrate, | Understanding the Central Role of Citrate in the Metabolism of Cancer Cells and Tumors: An Update |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1576- | Citrate, | Targeting citrate as a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2315- | Citrate, | Why and how citrate may sensitize malignant tumors to immunotherapy |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 4772- | CoQ10, | The anti-tumor activities of coenzyme Q0 through ROS-mediated autophagic cell death in human triple-negative breast cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-468 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 3624- | Cro, | Crocus Sativus L. (Saffron) in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: Bioactive Effects on Cognitive Impairment |
| - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 3630- | Cro, | Crocin Improves Cognitive Behavior in Rats with Alzheimer's Disease by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis |
| - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 3631- | Cro, | Investigation of the neuroprotective effects of crocin via antioxidant activities in HT22 cells and in mice with Alzheimer's disease |
| - | in-vitro, | AD, | HT22 | - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 1572- | Cu, | Recent Advances in Cancer Therapeutic Copper-Based Nanomaterials for Antitumor Therapy |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
| 1981- | CUR, | Mitochondrial targeted curcumin exhibits anticancer effects through disruption of mitochondrial redox and modulation of TrxR2 activity |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | NA |
| 3580- | CUR, | Curcumin Acts as Post-protective Effects on Rat Hippocampal Synaptosomes in a Neuronal Model of Aluminum-Induced Toxicity |
| - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 137- | CUR, | Curcumin induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in hormone independent prostate cancer DU-145 cells by down regulating Notch signaling |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | DU145 |
| 132- | CUR, | Targeting multiple pro-apoptotic signaling pathways with curcumin in prostate cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 |
| 15- | CUR, | UA, | Effects of curcumin and ursolic acid in prostate cancer: A systematic review |
| - | Review, | Pca, | NA |
| 9- | CUR, | Curcumin Suppresses Malignant Glioma Cells Growth and Induces Apoptosis by Inhibition of SHH/GLI1 Signaling Pathway in Vitro and Vivo |
| - | vitro+vivo, | MG, | U87MG | - | vitro+vivo, | MG, | T98G |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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