Metformin Cancer Research Results

MET, Metformin: Click to Expand ⟱
Features: oral antidiabetic agent,
Metformin is a pleiotropic drug: attributed to its action on AMPK
Metformin is a biguanide drug used primarily for type 2 diabetes. Mechanistically, it is best described as a bioenergetic modulator: partial inhibition of mitochondrial respiration can raise AMP/ADP, engage AMPK, and suppress mTORC1 signaling; systemically it reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis and can lower insulin/IGF-1 growth signaling. In oncology, observational studies suggested improved outcomes in some settings, but randomized trial data are mixed (e.g., large adjuvant breast cancer data did not show broad benefit overall). Long-term use can be associated with vitamin B12 deficiency, and prescribing requires attention to renal function due to rare lactic acidosis risk in predisposed states.
Metformin directly(partially) inhibits Complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria. This inhibition decreases mitochondrial ATP production and forces cells to rely more on glycolysis for energy.
Cancer cells, especially those with high energy demands, may be particularly sensitive to a drop in ATP levels. The inhibition of Complex I also increases the AMP/ATP ratio, setting the stage for the activation of downstream energy stress pathways.
AMPK activation results in the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, a central regulator of protein synthesis and cellular growth. mTOR inhibition reduces cell proliferation and limits tissue growth, which can slow tumor progression.

Metformin reduces circulating insulin levels, which in turn can decrease the activation of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor pathways.

ETC Inhibitors: Drugs that directly inhibit specific ETC complexes (e.g., Complex I inhibitors like metformin or phenformin) can increase electron leakage and ROS production.(dose- and context-dependent, and not consistent)

-known as mild OXPHOS inhibitor(Complex I modulator)

Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer / Tumor Context Normal Tissue Context TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Mitochondrial Complex I (OXPHOS) inhibition Energetic stress ↑; proliferation pressure ↓ (context) Hepatic energy shift; gluconeogenesis ↓ P, R Bioenergetic modulation Metformin partially inhibits mitochondrial Complex I (OXPHOS), increasing AMP/ADP ratio and triggering downstream AMPK activation. ROS changes are dose- and context-dependent.
2 AMPK activation (LKB1/AMPK axis) Growth programs ↓ (context-dependent) Metabolic homeostasis ↑ R Energy-sensor activation AMPK activation is frequently invoked downstream of respiratory inhibition, though some hepatic effects can be AMPK-independent.
3 mTORC1 inhibition (via AMPK→TSC2/Raptor; also AMPK-independent routes reported) Protein synthesis / growth signaling ↓ (reported) Reduced anabolic signaling in liver (context) R, G Anti-anabolic signaling Mechanistically supported: AMPK regulation of TSC2 and Raptor contributes to metformin-mediated mTORC1 inhibition; AMPK-independent mTORC1 inhibition has also been described.
4 Hepatic gluconeogenesis suppression Indirect tumor support via insulin/IGF-1 lowering (systemic) Liver glucose production ↓ (core clinical effect) R, G Systemic metabolic effect Metformin reduces hepatic glucose output through multiple mechanisms (energy state shifts, cAMP pathways, and other proposed nodes).
5 Insulin / IGF-1 axis (systemic growth signaling) Mitogenic tone ↓ (context; strongest in hyperinsulinemic settings) Insulin sensitivity ↑; insulin levels ↓ (context) G Systemic growth-factor modulation Many “anti-cancer” hypotheses depend on lowering insulin/IGF-1 signaling rather than direct tumor cytotoxicity.
6 Cell-cycle & apoptosis (secondary, model-dependent) Proliferation ↓; apoptosis ↑ (reported in some models) ↔ G Conditional cytostasis Often downstream of mTORC1 suppression/energy stress; not a universal direct cytotoxin signature.
7 Inflammation signaling (NF-κB and related programs) Inflammatory pro-survival transcription ↓ (reported) Anti-inflammatory trends in metabolic disease contexts R, G Inflammation modulation Frequently reported as downstream of improved metabolic/oxidative stress tone; avoid presenting as a primary direct target.
8 Autophagy / stress adaptation Autophagy ↑ or ↓ depending on context; can affect therapy response ↔ G Adaptive stress response Autophagy findings are heterogeneous across tumor models and combinations.
9 Clinical oncology evidence (adjunct use) Observational signals exist; randomized data are mixed — — Translation constraint Epidemiology/meta-analyses suggested potential benefit in some cancers, but large randomized trials (e.g., adjuvant breast cancer MA.32) did not show broad benefit across the overall population.
10 Safety / monitoring constraints (B12, lactic acidosis risk in predisposed states) — Vitamin B12 deficiency risk with long-term use; rare lactic acidosis risk increases with renal impairment and other conditions — Clinical risk management Long-term B12 monitoring is commonly advised; prescribing requires renal function assessment due to lactic acidosis risk in predisposed settings.

Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G

  • P: 0–30 min (rapid bioenergetic effects)
  • R: 30 min–3 hr (acute signaling shifts: AMPK/mTOR)
  • G: >3 hr (gene-regulatory adaptation and phenotype outcomes)
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
291- ALA,  HCA,  MET,  Dicl,    Metabolic therapies inhibit tumor growth in vivo and in silico
- in-vivo, Melanoma, B16-F10 - in-vivo, Lung, LL/2 (LLC1) - in-vivo, Bladder, MBT-2
TumCG↓,
1563- Api,  MET,    Metformin-induced ROS upregulation as amplified by apigenin causes profound anticancer activity while sparing normal cells
- in-vitro, Nor, HDFa - in-vitro, PC, AsPC-1 - in-vitro, PC, MIA PaCa-2 - in-vitro, Pca, DU145 - in-vitro, Pca, LNCaP - in-vivo, NA, NA
selectivity↑, selectivity↑, selectivity↓, ROS↑, eff↑, tumCV↓, MMP↓, Dose∅, eff↓, DNAdam↑, Apoptosis↑, TumAuto↑, Necroptosis↑, p‑P53↑, BIM↑, BAX↑, p‑PARP↑, Casp3↑, Casp8↑, Casp9↑, Cyt‑c↑, Bcl-2↓, AIF↑, p62↑, LC3B↑, MLKL↑, p‑MLKL↓, RIP3↑, p‑RIP3↑, TumCG↑, TumW↓,
1640- CA,  MET,    Caffeic Acid Targets AMPK Signaling and Regulates Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Anaplerosis while Metformin Downregulates HIF-1α-Induced Glycolytic Enzymes in Human Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lines
- in-vitro, Cerv, SiHa
GLS↓, NADPH↓, ROS↑, TumCD↑, AMPK↑, Hif1a↓, GLUT1↓, GLUT3↓, HK2↓, PFK↓, PKM2↓, LDH↓, cMyc↓, BAX↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, PDH↓, ROS↑, Apoptosis↑, eff↑, ACLY↓, FASN↓, Bcl-2↓, Glycolysis↓,
1868- DCA,  MET,    Long-term stabilization of stage 4 colon cancer using sodium dichloroacetate therapy
- Case Report, NA, NA
eff↑, toxicity∅, MMP↓, Apoptosis↑, selectivity↑, pH↝, Dose↝, Dose↝, eff↑,
1866- DCA,  MET,  BTZ,    Targeting metabolic pathways alleviates bortezomib-induced neuropathic pain without compromising anticancer efficacy in a sex-specific manner
- in-vivo, NA, NA
eff↑, TumCG↓, Hif1a↓, PDH↑, lactateProd↓, TumVol↓, TumW↓, Glycolysis↑, neuroP↑,
1864- DCA,  MET,    Dichloroacetate Enhances Apoptotic Cell Death via Oxidative Damage and Attenuates Lactate Production in Metformin-Treated Breast Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, BC, MCF-7 - in-vitro, BC, T47D - in-vitro, Nor, MCF10
PDKs↓, eff↑, ROS↑, PDK1↓, lactateProd↓, p‑PDH↑, Dose∅, OCR↑, DNA-PK↑, γH2AX↑, cl‑PARP↑, selectivity↑, *toxicity∅,
1154- HNK,  MET,    Honokiol inhibits the growth of hormone-resistant breast cancer cells: its promising effect in combination with metformin
- in-vitro, BC, MCF-7 - in-vitro, BC, SkBr3 - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231
cl‑PARP↑, Bcl-2↓, ERα/ESR1↓,
5796- MET,    Tumor, whole blood, plasma, and tissue concentrations of metformin in lung cancer patients
- Human, Lung, NA
selectivity↑, AMPK↑, Risk↓, Half-Life↝, ChemoSen↑,
5800- MET,    Metformin as anticancer agent and adjuvant in cancer combination therapy: Current progress and future prospect
- Review, Var, NA
ChemoSen↑, RadioS↑, Imm↑, *AntiDiabetic↑, *AMPK↑, TumCP↓, hepatoP↑, ATP↓, AMP↑, glucoNG↓, ROS↑, compI↓, DNAdam↑, CSCs↓, NP/CIPN↓, chemoP↑, toxicity↓, Trx↓, eff↑, cycD1/CCND1↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, cycE/CCNE↓, CDK2↓,
5803- MET,  carbop,    Metformin, at Concentrations Corresponding to the Treatment of Diabetes, Potentiates the Cytotoxic Effects of Carboplatin in Cultures of Ovarian Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, Ovarian, A2780S - in-vitro, Ovarian, SKOV3
eff↑, ChemoSen↑, TumCCA↑,
5804- MET,  NIV,    Durable Response to Nivolumab Combined With Metformin in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Case Report With Seven Years of Follow-Up.
- Case Report, PC, NA
OS↑, Dose↝,
970- MET,    Metformin suppresses HIF-1α expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts to prevent tumor-stromal cross talk in breast cancer
CAFs/TAFs↝, p‑AMPK↑, PHDs↑, Hif1a↓, TumCI↓,
5795- MET,    Metformin: A Review of Potential Mechanism and Therapeutic Utility Beyond Diabetes
- Review, AD, NA - Review, Park, NA - Review, Diabetic, NA
*AntiDiabetic↑, *AMPK↑, *glyC↓, *ROS↓, *cardioP↑, *neuroP↑, *Half-Life↝, *toxicity↝, *BioAv↑, *glucose↓, *AGEs↓, AntiCan↑, Risk↓, TumCP↓, Apoptosis↑, TumCCA↑, cycD1/CCND1↓, pRB↓, p27↓, mTOR↓, Casp↑, ROS↑, MMP↓, ChemoSen↑, *hepatoP↑, *CRM↑, *Insulin↓,
5785- MET,    Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*AntiDiabetic↑, *AntiAge↑, *toxicity⇅, *CRM↑, *Strength↑, *LDL↓, *AMPK↑, *TAC↑, *ROS↓, *Inflam↓, Risk↓, *cardioP↑, *ALAT↓, *NRF2↑, *SOD2↑, *TrxR1↑, *NQO1↑, *NQO2↑,
2493- MET,    Metformin Inhibits Gluconeogenesis by a Redox-Dependent Mechanism In Vivo
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
glucoNG↓, glucose↓,
2492- MET,    The Metformin Mechanism on Gluconeogenesis and AMPK Activation: The Metabolite Perspective
- Review, Nor, NA
*glucose↓, *glucoNG↓, *AMPK↑,
2491- MET,    Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*glucoNG↓, *glucose↓, *mitResp↓,
2457- MET,    Metformin Impairs Glucose Consumption and Survival in Calu-1 Cells by Direct Inhibition of Hexokinase-II
- in-vitro, Lung, Calu-1
HK1↓, HK2↓, GlucoseCon↓, MMP↓, ATP↓,
2456- MET,    Direct inhibition of hexokinase activity by metformin at least partially impairs glucose metabolism and tumor growth in experimental breast cancer
- in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231 - in-vivo, NA, NA
GlucoseCon↓, TumCG↓, HK2↓, p‑AMPK↑, TXNIP↓, *toxicity↓,
2436- MET,    Metformin alleviates nickel-induced autophagy and apoptosis via inhibition of hexokinase-2, activating lipocalin-2, in human bronchial epithelial cells
- in-vitro, Nor, BEAS-2B
*HK2↓,
2387- MET,  GEM,    Metformin Increases the Response of Cholangiocarcinoma Cells to Gemcitabine by Suppressing Pyruvate Kinase M2 to Activate Mitochondrial Apoptosis
- in-vitro, CCA, HCC9810
eff↑, tumCV↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, Apoptosis↑, PKM2↓, PDHB↓,
2386- MET,    Mechanisms of metformin inhibiting cancer invasion and migration
- Review, Var, NA
OS↑, AMPK↑, EMT↓, TGF-β↓, mTOR↓, P70S6K↓, PKM2↓, Hif1a↓, ChemoSen↑,
2385- MET,    Metformin activates chaperone-mediated autophagy and improves disease pathologies in an Alzheimer disease mouse model
- in-vitro, AD, H4 - in-vitro, NA, HEK293 - in-vivo, NA, NA - in-vitro, NA, SH-SY5Y
*HK2↓, *PKM2↓, *Dose↝, IKKα↑, memory↑, p‑Hsc70↑, APP↓,
2384- MET,    Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics reveals metformin suppresses thyroid cancer progression via inhibiting glycolysis and restraining DNA replication
- in-vitro, Thyroid, BCPAP - in-vivo, NA, NA - in-vitro, Thyroid, TPC-1
Glycolysis↓, OXPHOS↑, tumCV↓, TumCI↓, TumCMig↓, EMT↓, Apoptosis↑, TumCCA↑, LDHA↓, PKM2↓, IDH1↑, TumCG↓,
2383- MET,    Activation of AMPK by metformin promotes renal cancer cell proliferation under glucose deprivation through its interaction with PKM2
- in-vitro, RCC, A498
AMPK↑, TumCP↓, eff↓, eff↑,
2379- MET,    Down‐regulation of PKM2 enhances anticancer efficiency of THP on bladder cancer
- in-vitro, Bladder, T24/HTB-9 - in-vitro, BC, UMUC3
PKM2↓, p‑STAT3↓, TumCG↓, eff↑, chemoP↑, AMPK↑,
2378- MET,    Metformin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of oral squamous cell carcinoma via the mTOR/HIF-1α/PKM2/STAT3 pathway
- in-vitro, SCC, CAL27 - in-vivo, NA, NA
TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, EMT↓, mTOR↓, Hif1a↓, PKM2↓, STAT3↓, E-cadherin↑, Vim↓, Snail↓, STAT3↓,
2377- MET,    Metformin Inhibits TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition via PKM2 Relative-mTOR/p70s6k Signaling Pathway in Cervical Carcinoma Cells
- in-vitro, Cerv, HeLa - in-vitro, Cerv, SiHa
EMT↓, P70S6K↓, mTOR↓, PKM2↓, Warburg↓, AMPK↑,
2376- MET,    Metformin Inhibits Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition of Keloid Fibroblasts via the HIF-1α/PKM2 Signaling Pathway
- in-vitro, Nor, NA
*Hif1a↓, *EMT↓, *p‑P70S6K↓, *PKM2↓,
2375- MET,    Metformin inhibits gastric cancer via the inhibition of HIF1α/PKM2 signaling
- in-vitro, GC, SGC-7901
tumCV↓, TumCI↓, TumCMig↓, Apoptosis↑, PARP↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, Hif1a↓, PKM2↓, COX2↓,
2374- MET,    Metformin Induces Apoptosis and Downregulates Pyruvate Kinase M2 in Breast Cancer Cells Only When Grown in Nutrient-Poor Conditions
- in-vitro, BC, MCF-7 - in-vitro, BC, SkBr3 - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231
eff↑, Apoptosis↑, Glycolysis↓, PKM2↓, mTOR↓, PARP↓,
2371- MET,    The role of pyruvate kinase M2 in anticancer therapeutic treatments
- Review, Var, NA
ChemoSen↑, PKM2↓, Hif1a↓, EMT↓,
1204- MET,    Metformin induces ferroptosis through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in lung cancer
- in-vitro, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, Lung, H1299
MDA↑, ROS↑, Iron↑, GSH↓, T-SOD↓, Catalase↓, GPx4↓, xCT↓, NRF2↓, HO-1↓,
1066- MET,    Metformin increases PDH and suppresses HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions and induces cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma
- in-vitro, SCC, NA
PDH↑, Hif1a↓, TumCMig↓, Casp3↑, P53∅,
1043- MET,  immuno,    Metformin reduces PD-L1 on tumor cells and enhances the anti-tumor immune response generated by vaccine immunotherapy
- in-vitro, NA, NA
eff↑, PD-L1↓, Ki-67↑, TIM-3↑, L-sel↑,
994- MET,    Tumor metabolism destruction via metformin-based glycolysis inhibition and glucose oxidase-mediated glucose deprivation for enhanced cancer therapy
- in-vitro, Var, NA
Glycolysis↓, HK2↓, ATP↓, AMPK↑, P53↑, Warburg↓, Apoptosis↑,
6061- SeNPs,  MET,    Multifunctional mesoporous nanoselenium delivery of metformin breaks the vicious cycle of neuroinflammation and ROS, promotes microglia regulation and alleviates Alzheimer's disease
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*BBB↑, *eff↑, *cognitive↑, DDS↑,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 37 of 37

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 37

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

Catalase↓, 1,   compI↓, 1,   GPx4↓, 1,   GSH↓, 1,   HK1↓, 1,   HO-1↓, 1,   Iron↑, 1,   MDA↑, 1,   NRF2↓, 1,   OXPHOS↑, 1,   ROS↑, 7,   T-SOD↓, 1,   Trx↓, 1,   xCT↓, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

AIF↑, 1,   ATP↓, 3,   MMP↓, 4,   OCR↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

ACLY↓, 1,   AMP↑, 1,   AMPK↑, 7,   p‑AMPK↑, 2,   cMyc↓, 1,   FASN↓, 1,   GLS↓, 1,   glucoNG↓, 2,   glucose↓, 1,   GlucoseCon↓, 2,   Glycolysis↓, 4,   Glycolysis↑, 1,   HK2↓, 4,   IDH1↑, 1,   lactateProd↓, 2,   LDH↓, 1,   LDHA↓, 1,   NADPH↓, 1,   PDH↓, 1,   PDH↑, 2,   p‑PDH↑, 1,   PDHB↓, 1,   PDK1↓, 1,   PDKs↓, 1,   PFK↓, 1,   PKM2↓, 10,   Warburg↓, 2,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↓, 1,   Apoptosis↑, 9,   BAX↓, 1,   BAX↑, 1,   Bcl-2↓, 3,   BIM↑, 1,   Casp↑, 1,   Casp3↑, 2,   Casp8↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 1,   Cyt‑c↑, 1,   MLKL↑, 1,   p‑MLKL↓, 1,   Necroptosis↑, 1,   p27↓, 1,   TumCD↑, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

pRB↓, 1,   tumCV↓, 4,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

p‑Hsc70↑, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes ⓘ

LC3B↑, 1,   p62↑, 1,   TumAuto↑, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

DNA-PK↑, 1,   DNAdam↑, 2,   P53↑, 1,   P53∅, 1,   p‑P53↑, 1,   PARP↓, 2,   p‑PARP↑, 1,   cl‑PARP↑, 2,   γH2AX↑, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

CDK2↓, 1,   CDK4↓, 1,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 3,   cycE/CCNE↓, 1,   TumCCA↑, 3,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

CSCs↓, 1,   EMT↓, 5,   mTOR↓, 5,   P70S6K↓, 2,   PI3K↓, 1,   STAT3↓, 2,   p‑STAT3↓, 1,   TumCG↓, 5,   TumCG↑, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

APP↓, 1,   CAFs/TAFs↝, 1,   E-cadherin↑, 1,   Ki-67↑, 1,   L-sel↑, 1,   RIP3↑, 1,   p‑RIP3↑, 1,   Snail↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 1,   TumCI↓, 5,   TumCMig↓, 5,   TumCP↓, 4,   TXNIP↓, 1,   Vim↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Hif1a↓, 8,   PHDs↑, 1,  

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

GLUT1↓, 1,   GLUT3↓, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX2↓, 1,   IKKα↑, 1,   Imm↑, 1,   PD-L1↓, 1,  

Cellular Microenvironment ⓘ

pH↝, 1,   TIM-3↑, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors ⓘ

CDK6↓, 1,   ERα/ESR1↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

ChemoSen↑, 6,   DDS↑, 1,   Dose↝, 3,   Dose∅, 2,   eff↓, 2,   eff↑, 13,   Half-Life↝, 1,   RadioS↑, 1,   selectivity↓, 1,   selectivity↑, 5,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

ERα/ESR1↓, 1,   Ki-67↑, 1,   LDH↓, 1,   PD-L1↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 1,   chemoP↑, 2,   hepatoP↑, 1,   memory↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 1,   NP/CIPN↓, 1,   OS↑, 2,   Risk↓, 3,   toxicity↓, 1,   toxicity∅, 1,   TumVol↓, 1,   TumW↓, 2,  
Total Targets: 142

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

NQO1↑, 1,   NRF2↑, 1,   ROS↓, 2,   SOD2↑, 1,   TAC↑, 1,   TrxR1↑, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

Insulin↓, 1,   mitResp↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,   AMPK↑, 4,   CRM↑, 2,   glucoNG↓, 2,   glucose↓, 3,   glyC↓, 1,   HK2↓, 2,   LDL↓, 1,   PKM2↓, 2,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

NQO2↑, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

EMT↓, 1,   p‑P70S6K↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Hif1a↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

BBB↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

Inflam↓, 1,  

Protein Aggregation ⓘ

AGEs↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↑, 1,   Dose↝, 1,   eff↑, 1,   Half-Life↝, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiAge↑, 1,   AntiDiabetic↑, 3,   cardioP↑, 2,   cognitive↑, 1,   hepatoP↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 1,   Strength↑, 1,   toxicity↓, 1,   toxicity⇅, 1,   toxicity↝, 1,   toxicity∅, 1,  
Total Targets: 40

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:11  Target#:%  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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