Lycopene Cancer Research Results

Lyco, Lycopene: Click to Expand ⟱

Features:

Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid found predominantly in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.

Antioxidant Properties:
-Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant. It helps neutralize free radicals, which can reduce oxidative stress—a factor implicated in cancer development. Possible concern about interfering with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However this review disagrees.
Inflammation Reduction:
-Some studies suggest that lycopene may help lower levels of inflammation, another process linked to cancer progression

At supraphysiological or extremely high concentrations, lycopene may have the potential to switch from an antioxidant to a prooxidant role
-The prooxidant effect of lycopene has been observed under conditions of high oxygen tension. In vitro studies have suggested that in environments with elevated oxygen levels, lycopene might promote rather than neutralize the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
-The presence of metal ions (such as iron or copper) in the environment can catalyze reactions where antioxidants, including lycopene, contribute to oxidative processes. These metals can interact with lycopene, potentially leading to the formation of radicals.

The mevalonate pathway produces cholesterol and a variety of isoprenoids, which are important for maintaining cell membrane integrity, protein prenylation, and other essential cellular functions.
-One of the primary enzymes in this pathway is HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase), which is the target of statin drugs used for lowering cholesterol. Some studies suggest that lycopene might downregulate the activity of HMG-CoA reductase or other enzymes in the mevalonate pathway. By doing so, lycopene could potentially reduce the synthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids that are necessary for rapid cell proliferation—an especially relevant aspect in cancer cells.

Lycopene typically used in a 100mg/day range for cancer (inhibition of the the Melavonate Pathway)
-also has antiplatelet aggregation capability.

-Note half-life 16–20 days.
BioAv Heat processing, especially when combined with a small amount of fat, significantly enhances lycopene’s bioaccessibility and absorption. (20% under optimal conditions)
Pathways:
- ROS usually goes down, but may go up or down depending on dose and environment. Lycopene may also be modified to be a "oxdiative product" which may change the behaviour.
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, ERK↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : EZH2↓, P53↑, Sp proteins↓,
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓,
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Integrins↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP">SREBP (related to cholesterol).
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells

Rank	Pathway / Axis	Cancer Cells	Normal Cells	Label	Primary Interpretation	Notes
1	Reactive oxygen species (ROS)	↓ ROS	↓ ROS	Driver	Potent antioxidant activity	Lycopene is a strong singlet-oxygen quencher with antioxidant dominance
2	IGF-1 / PI3K → AKT signaling	↓ IGF-1 signaling; ↓ AKT	↔ minimal	Secondary	Growth factor signaling attenuation	Reduced IGF-1–driven proliferation is a key cancer-relevant effect
3	Cell cycle regulation	↑ G0/G1 arrest	↔ spared	Phenotypic	Cytostatic growth control	Cell-cycle effects reflect growth factor modulation
4	Gap junction communication (connexins)	↑ gap junction signaling	↑ gap junction signaling	Secondary	Normalization of cell–cell communication	Enhanced gap junctions are associated with reduced tumor progression
5	NF-κB / inflammatory signaling	↓ inflammatory signaling	↓ inflammatory tone	Secondary	Anti-inflammatory environment	Inflammation reduction contributes to chemopreventive effects

Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱

287-

ALA,

HCA,

Lyco,

Metabolic treatment of cancer: intermediate results of a prospective case series

PSA↓, one patient
OS↑,

3987-

betaCar,

Lyco,

Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection

Trial,

AD,

*eff↑, A substantially greater absorption of carotenoids was observed when salads were consumed with full-fat than with reduced-fat salad dressing.

1566-

betaCar,

Lyco,

Antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects of lycopene in comparison with beta-carotene on oxidant-induced damage in Hs68 cells

in-vitro,

Nor,

HS68

*ROS↑, beta-carotene is known to have pro-oxidant activity in vitro
*ROS⇅, The present study in Hs68 cells demonstrates that lycopene can be either an antioxidant or a pro-oxidant depending on the oxidants used, and that lycopene and beta-carotene behave similarly under the in vitro oxidative conditions.
*Dose?, Both the antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects of lycopene tended to be dose-dependent

4881-

CUR,

SFN,

RES,

EGCG,

Lyco

An update of Nrf2 activators and inhibitors in cancer prevention/promotion

Review,

Var,

*NRF2↑, natural Nrf2 activators include curcumin, sulforaphane (SF), kahweol, resveratrol, garlic oganosulfur compounds, zerumbone, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, carnosol, cinnamonyl-based compounds, lycopene, and cafestol
*antiOx↑, these chemopreventive agents can activate the antioxidants, phase II detoxification factors, and transducers, and protect the cells from carcinogenic exposure

4227-

Lyco,

Lycopene Alleviates Depression-Like Behavior in Chronic Social Defeat Stress-Induced Mice by Promoting Synaptic Plasticity via the BDNF-TrkB Pathway

in-vivo,

NA,

Chronic Social Defeat Stress-Induced Mice

*BDNF↑, suggesting that lycopene may enhance synaptic plasticity via the BDNF–TrkB/pTrkB signaling pathway.
*TrkB↑,
*PSD95↑, mRNA expression levels of PSD‐95 and Syn in the hippocampus of the CSDS + LYC group mice were substantially upregulated compared to the model group

4782-

Lyco,

New Insights into Molecular Mechanism behind Anti-Cancer Activities of Lycopene

Review,

Var,

AntiCan↑, From an anti-cancer perspective, lycopene is often associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer and people often look for it as a dietary supplement which may help to prevent cancer.
TumCP↓, Lycopene was known to be able to suppress cancerous cell proliferation, migration, invasion and adhesion activity in cell culture studies.
TumCMig↓,
TumCI↓,
TumCA↓,
ROS↓, Such suppression was often observed with changes of cancer-related gene expression and relief of oxidative stress
MMP2↓, In general, lycopene could suppress the expression of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, Sp1, IGF-1R, VEGF while increasing E-cadherin stabilization, connexin 43, nm23-H1, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels
MMP7↓,
MMP9↓,
VEGF↓,
E-cadherin↑,
TIMP1↑,
TIMP2↑,
BioAv↝, it is recommended to avoid consumption of lycopene concurrently with high dietary fiber intake as several types of dietary fiber were found to be able to reduce the bioavailability of lycopene
*IL12↓, lycopene could suppress proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-1β, IL-6
*TNF-α↓,
*IL1↓,
*IL1β↓,
*IL6↓,
COX2↓, Sprague Dawley rat model, lycopene treatment after induction by azoxymethane caused suppression of aberrant crypt foci, preneoplastic lesion and biomarkers such as COX-2 and iNOS expression
iNOS↓,
*radioP↑, lycopene before induction of DNA damage via X-irradiation as lycopene treatment after irradiation failed to show such DNA protective effect
NF-kB↓, anti-cancer effect of lycopene was also observed in pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 cell line) whereby significant reduction of ROS, NF-κB and anti-apoptotic biomarkers (cIAP1, cIAP2 and survivin) was detected while an increment of caspase-3 and Bax:
survivin↓,
Casp3↑,
Bax:Bcl2↑,

4781-

Lyco,

5-FU,

Chemo,

Cisplatin,

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of lycopene against 5-fluorouracil-induced cytotoxicity in Caco2 cells

in-vitro,

Colon,

Caco-2

chemoP↑, One such useful natural antioxidant that has been widely investigated to suppress chemotherapy induced side effects of drugs such as cisplatin is lycopene
Inflam↓, lycopene was found to significantly suppress inflammatory responses in CC cells by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines expression like cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α)
COX2↓,
IL1β↓,
IL6↓,
TNF-α↓,
ROS↑, Our results indicated the cells treatment with 60 µg/ml lycopene significantly increased ROS generation
ChemoSen↑, Furthermore, L60 and L120 seemed to enhance 5FU-induced ROS generation
SOD↓, significant increase SOD activity

4780-

Lyco,

Potential inhibitory effect of lycopene on prostate cancer

Review,

Pca,

TumCP↓, Lycopene suppress the progression and proliferation
TumCCA↑, Lycopene has been found to effectively suppress the progression and proliferation, arrest in-cell cycle, and induce apoptosis of prostate cancer cells in both in-vivo and in-vitro conditions.
Apoptosis↑,
*neuroP↑, the neuro-protective effect of lycopene, mediates the signaling pathways, by inhibiting NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) and JNK protein (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), and activating Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and BDNF (
*NF-kB↓,
*JNK↓,
*NRF2↑,
*BDNF↑,
*Ca+2↝, as well as keeping homeostasis by restoring intracellular Ca2+
*antiOx↑, most powerful and natural antioxidants, and its role in preventing prostate cancer.
*AntiCan↑,
*Inflam↓, Anti-inflammatory properties of lycopene depends on time, and it has been found to be through the decrease of inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL1, IL6, IL8 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)
*IL1↓,
*IL6↓,
*IL8↓,
*TNF-α↓,
NF-kB↓, lycopene increased the expression of BCO2 enzyme in an androgen-sensitive cell line that prevented cancer cell proliferation and reduced the NF-κB activity
DNAdam↓, 20 and 50 μM doses of lycopene had an effect on PC3 and DU145 cell lines in inducing apoptosis with DNA damages, and preventing cell growth and colony formation
PSA↓, lycopene twice a day for 3 weeks, showed that lycopene decreases the risk and growth of prostate cancer cells, and also a decrease in the level of PSA,
P53↓, down-regulation of p53, Cyclin-D1, and Nrf-2 have occurred after the incubation of prostate cancer cells with the lycopene received patient’s sera in comparison with placebo
cycD1/CCND1↓,
NRF2↓,
Akt2↓, treatment with lycopene in PC3 cancer cell lines was associated with down-regulation of AKT2 [
PPARγ↓, Another anti-proliferative effect of lycopene was done by increasing PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1signaling molecules in protein and mRNA level

4779-

Lyco,

Lycopene Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated NF-κB Signaling and Induces Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

in-vitro,

PC,

PANC1

ROS↓, The results show that the lycopene decreased intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels, mitochondrial function (determined by the mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption rate),
NF-kB↓, NF-κB activity, and expression of NF-κB-dependent survival genes in PANC-1 cells.
tumCV↓, Lycopene reduced cell viability with increases in active caspase-3 and the Bax to Bcl-2 ratio in PANC-1 cells
Casp3↑,
Apoptosis↑, Lycopene Induces Apoptosis in PANC-1 Cells
OCR↓, Lycopene Decreases Intracellular and Mitochondrial ROS Levels and OCR in PANC-1 Cells
MMP↓, Lycopene Decreases MMP in PANC-1 Cells
CIP2A↓, Lycopene Decreases Expression of cIAP1, cIAP2, and Survivin in PANC-1 Cells
survivin↓,
Casp3↑, Thus, lycopene induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and increased the Bax to Bcl-2 ratio in PANC-1 cells.
Bax:Bcl2↑,

4778-

Lyco,

Lycopene exerts cytotoxic effects by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species–induced apoptosis in glioblastoma multiforme

in-vitro,

GBM,

GBM8401

BBB↑, lycopene penetration across the blood-brain barrier and its induction of apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation in GBM8401 and T98G GBM cells
Apoptosis↑,
TumCP↑,
P53↑, lycopene promoted p53 upregulation and suppressed cyclins B and cyclin D, leading to cell cycle arrest through ROS-activated ERK pathways.
CycB/CCNB1↓,
cycD1/CCND1↓,
TumCCA↓,
mt-ROS↑, Lycopene induced Mito-ROS accumulation in GBM cells
TumCG↓, Lycopene inhibits the cell growth of GBM cells

4777-

Lyco,

Lycopene Inhibits Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Gastric Cancer Cells

in-vitro,

GC,

AGS

*antiOx↑, Lycopene is a potent antioxidant carotenoid and is responsible for the red color of fruits and vegetables.
tumCV↓, Lycopene decreased cell viability and increased apoptotic indices (DNA fragmentation, apoptosis inducing factor, cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-9, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio)
DNAdam↑,
Apoptosis↑,
cl‑Casp3↑,
cl‑Casp9↑,
Bax:Bcl2↑,
ROS↓, Lycopene reduced the level of intracellular and mitochondrial ROS
NF-kB↓, attenuation of the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB p50/p50 and the level of COX-2 gene expression.
COX2↓,
EGFR↓, Lycopene Reduces ROS Levels and Inhibits EGFR/Ras/ERK and p38 MAPK Signaling in AGS Cells
p38↓,

4230-

Lyco,

Supplementation of lycopene attenuates oxidative stress induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment via Nrf2/NF-κB transcriptional pathway

in-vivo,

AD,

50 mg/kg bodyweight per day

d CD-1 male mice

*BDNF↑, LYC ameliorated histopathological damage and restored brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus of mice.
*antiOx↑, LYC also significantly elevated antioxidant enzymes activities and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines in the d-galactose-treated mice serum.
*Inflam↓,
*HO-1↑, LYC treatment activated the mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO-1, and downregulated inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α
*NQO1↑,
*IL1β↓,
*TNF-α↓,
*ROS↓, LYC attenuated neuronal oxidative damage through activation of Nrf2 signaling
*NRF2↑,
*cognitive↑, LYC could ameliorate oxidative stress induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment possibly via mediating Nrf2/NF-κB transcriptional pathway.
*BBB↑, LYC exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo and possesses blood brain barrier permeability

4229-

Lyco,

Implicating the role of lycopene in restoration of mitochondrial enzymes and BDNF levels in β-amyloid induced Alzheimer׳s disease

in-vivo,

AD,

2.5 and 5 mg/kg) was administrated for three weeks.

mitochondria oxidative damage in rats

*antiOx↑, beneficial therapeutic effects, which include anti-oxidant, neuro-protective and anti-cancer effects
*neuroP↑,
*AntiCan↑,
*memory↑, Chronic administration of lycopene resulted in an improvement in memory retention, attenuation of mitochondrial-oxidative damage, reduced neuro-inflammation and restoration of BDNF level in β-A1-42 treated rats.
*ROS↓,
*BDNF↑,
*cognitive↑, lycopene helps to protect β-A1-42 induced cognitive dysfunction and modulates amyloidogenesis.

4228-

Lyco,

A review for the pharmacological effect of lycopene in central nervous system disorders

Review,

AD,

Review,

Park,

*cognitive↑, Lycopene also improves cognition and memory ability of rodents in different pathological conditions, such as diabetes, colchicine exposure, high-fat diet (HFD), and aging.
*memory↑,
*Inflam↓, inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, inhibition of neuronal apoptosis, and restoration of mitochondrial function have been shown to mediate the neuroprotective effects of lycopene.
*Apoptosis↓,
*ROS↓,
*neuroP↑,
*NF-kB↓, inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, and restoration of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis,
*JNK↓,
*NRF2↑,
*BDNF↑,
*MDA↓, 8 weeks of lycopene treatment (5 mg/kg) has been shown to reverse malondialdehyde (MDA) increase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) decrease in serum in tau transgenic mice expressing P301 L mutation
*GPx↑,

4783-

Lyco,

Lycopene suppresses gastric cancer cell growth without affecting normal gastric epithelial cells

in-vitro,

GC,

AGS

in-vitro,

GC,

SGC-7901

in-vitro,

Nor,

GES-1

TumCG↓, Lycopene specifically suppressed cell growth monitored by Real-Time Cell Analyzer, induced cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis detected by flow cytometry, and lowered mitochondrial membrane potentials assessed by JC-1 staining of AGS and SGC-7901 ce
TumCCA↑,
Apoptosis↑,
MMP↓,
selectivity↑, while did not affect those of GES-1 cells.
cycE1↓, Lycopene decreased the high expression levels of CCNE1 and increased the levels of TP53 in AGS and SGC-7901 cells without affecting those in GES-1 cells.
TP53↑,
*antiOx↑, Lycopene has a strong antioxidant property without pro-Vitamin A function

4803-

Lyco,

Enhanced cytotoxic and apoptosis inducing activity of lycopene oxidation products in different cancer cell lines

in-vitro,

Pca,

PC3

(LYC) oxidative products generated through autoxidation (AOL) or chemical (KMnO4) oxidation (COL) against proliferation of selected cancer cells

in-vitro,

BC,

MCF-7

in-vitro,

Melanoma,

A431

in-vitro,

Liver,

HepG2

in-vitro,

Cerv,

HeLa

in-vitro,

Lung,

A549

tumCV↓, The decreased cell viability with depleted GSH and increased MDA levels were observed when treated with COL products than control, LYC and AOL
GSH↓,
MDA↑,
ROS↑, In addition, COL products increased ROS levels and percent apoptosis.
Apoptosis↑,

3828-

Lyco,

Lycopene alleviates oxidative stress via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2pathway in a cell model of Alzheimer's disease

in-vitro,

AD,

M146L

3816-

Lyco,

Lut,

Zeax,

Serum lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin, and the risk of Alzheimer's disease mortality in older adults

Review,

AD,

6,958 participants aged older than 50 years

*Risk↓, high serum levels of lycopene and lutein+zeaxanthin at baseline were associated with a lower risk of AD mortality after adjustment for potential covariates.

3533-

Lyco,

Chemo,

Lycopene and chemotherapy toxicity

Review,

Var,

*ROS↓, Lycopene is a major carotenoid present in tomatoes, and it is a potent antioxidant that may provide protection against cellular damage caused by ROS.
*antiOx↑,
*chemoP↑, Lycopene may reduce or prevent the side effects of chemotherapy due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
*Inflam↓,

3532-

Lyco,

Lycopene alleviates oxidative stress via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2pathway in a cell model of Alzheimer’s disease

in-vitro,

AD,

 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line

*ROS↓, Lycopene alleviated OS and apoptosis, activated the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway, upregulated antioxidant and antiapoptotic proteins and downregulated proapoptotic proteins.
*PI3K↑,
*Akt↑,
*NRF2↑,
*antiOx↑,
*Aβ↓, Lycopene possibly prevents Aβ-induced damage by activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway and reducing the expression of BACE in M146L cells.
*Apoptosis↓, Lycopene alleviates apoptosis in M146L cells
*neuroP↑, lycopene shows the neuroprotective effects of antioxidative damage and antiapoptotic by reducing the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt

3531-

Lyco,

Lycopene attenuates the inflammation and apoptosis in aristolochic acid nephropathy by targeting the Nrf2 antioxidant system

in-vivo,

Nor,

rats

*NRF2↑, After LYC intervened in the body, it activated Nrf2 nuclear translocation and its downstream HO-1 and NQO1 antioxidant signaling pathways
*HO-1↑, Lycopene activates Nrf2-HO-1 antioxidant pathway to inhibit oxidative stress injury induced by AAI exposure in NRK52E cells
*NQO1↑,
*ROS↓, LYC inhibited ROS production by renal tubular epithelial cells, and alleviated mitochondrial damage.
*mtDam↓,
*Bcl-2↑, LYC was able to up-regulate the expression of Bcl-2, down-regulate Bax expression and inhibit the activation of cleaved forms of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3, which finally attenuated the apoptosis
*BAX↓,
*Casp9↓,
*Casp3↓,
*Apoptosis↓,
*RenoP↑, Interestingly, there was a significant improvement in damaged renal tissue in mice with AAN after lycopene intervention
*lipid-P↓, lycopene significantly decreased the expression of AAI-induced lipid peroxidation product (MDA), and increased the expression of antioxidant enzyme systems (T-AOC, SOD, and GSH-PX)
*SOD↑,
*GPx↑,
*Inflam↓, Lycopene improves inflammatory responses in the kidneys of AAN mice
*TNF-α↓, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, was increased and the expression of IL-12 was decreased in the kidneys of model mice compared with the control group. However, LYC intervention reversed the expression of these genes in a dose-dependent manner
*IL6↓,
*IL10↓,

3530-

Lyco,

Lycopene Scavenges Cellular ROS, Modulates Autophagy and Improves Survival through 7SK snRNA Interaction in Smooth Muscle Cells

in-vitro,

Stroke,

*ROS↓, The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were reduced from 8 fold to 3 fold post addition of lycopene for 24 h.
*antiOx↑, Lycopene administration during ischemic heart disease might improve the functions of the smooth muscle cells and 7SK snRNA might be involved in the binding of lycopene and its antioxidant protective effects.
*TNF-α↓, Addition of Lycopene to the media showed diminished TNF-α expression (p < 0.0429) compared to the stressed group.

3528-

Lyco,

The Importance of Antioxidant Activity for the Health-Promoting Effect of Lycopene

Review,

Nor,

Review,

AD,

Review,

Park,

*antiOx↑, the antioxidant effect of lycopene
*ROS↓, Lycopene has the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eliminate singlet oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide
*BioAv↝, human body cannot synthesize lycopene. It must be supplied with the diet
*Half-Life↑, half-life of lycopene in human plasma is 12–33 days
*BioAv↓, bioavailability decreases with age and in the case of certain diseases
*BioAv↑, heat treatment process of food increases the bioavailability of lycopene
*cardioP↑, positive effect on cardiovascular diseases, including the regulation of blood lipid levels
*neuroP↑, beneficial effects in nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson′s disease and Alzheimer′s disease
*H2O2↓, Lycopene has the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eliminate singlet oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide
*VitC↑, ability to regenerate non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C and E.
*VitE↑,
*GPx↑, increase in cardiac GSH-Px activity and an increase in cardiac GSH levels
*GSH↑,
*MPO↓, also a decrease in the level of cardiac myeloperoxidase (MPO), cardiac H2O2, and a decrease in cardiac glutathione S transferase (GSH-ST) activity.
*GSTs↓,
*SOD↑, increasing the activity of GSH-Px and SOD in the liver
*NF-kB↓, reducing the expression of NF-κB mRNA in the heart
*IL1β↓, decreased the level of IL-1β and IL-6 and increased the level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in the heart
*IL6↓,
*IL10↑,
*MAPK↓, inhibited the activation of the ROS-dependent pro-hypertrophic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways.
*Akt↓,
*COX2↓, decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in heart: COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and an increase in the anti-inflammatory cardiac TGF-β1.
*TNF-α↓,
*TGF-β1↑,
*NO↓, reduced NO levels in heart and cardiac NOS activity
*GSR↑, increase in the level of cardiac and hepatic SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, and glutathione reductase (GR)
*NRF2↑, It also activated nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). This affected the downstream expression of HO-1 [97].
*HO-1↑,
*TAC↑, Researchers observed an increase in the liver in TAC and GSH levels and an increase in GSH-Px and SOD activity
*Inflam↓, study showed that lycopene was anti-inflammatory
*BBB↑, Lycopene is a lipophilic compound, which makes it easier to penetrate the blood–brain barrier.
*neuroP↑, Lycopene had also a neuroprotective effect by restoring the balance of the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway.
*memory↑, lycopene on LPS-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in C57BL/6J mice. The tested carotenoid prevented memory loss

4793-

Lyco,

Lycopene treatment inhibits activation of Jak1/Stat3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and attenuates hyperproliferation in gastric epithelial cells

in-vitro,

GC,

AGS

antiOx↑, Lycopene is a potent antioxidant exhibiting anticancer effects.
AntiCan↑,
ROS↓, results show that lycopene reduced ROS levels and inhibited Jak1/Stat3 activation, alteration of Wnt/β-catenin multiprotein complex molecules, expression of c-Myc and cyclin E, and cell proliferation in H pylori–infected AGS cells.
JAK1↓,
STAT3↓,
Wnt↓,
β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
cMyc↓,
cycE/CCNE↓,
TumCP↓,
Risk↓, Lycopene might be a potential and promising nutrient for preventing H pylori–associated gastric diseases including gastric cancer.

4801-

Lyco,

Lycopene in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Review,

CardioV,

*BioAv↝, Taking into account the fact that humans are not able to synthesize lycopene de novo, therefore its supply with food is necessary to take advantage of its pro-health properties.
*cardioP↑, protective effect on cardiovascular diseases
*BioAv↑, It is assumed that thanks to the cis form, lycopene is highly bioavailable in the human diet
*BioAv↑, bioavailability of lycopene as a result of its trans to cis isomerization can be achieved by adding fish oil or olive oil to tomato dishes.
*antiOx↑, Antioxidant Effects of Lycopene
*ROS↓, Lycopene is a highly effective antioxidant that, due to the high reactivity between the long polyene chain and free radicals, enables the elimination of singlet oxygen and the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
*ARE↑, activating the antioxidant response element (ARE)
*SOD↑, it increases the amount of antioxidant enzymes, which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)
*Catalase↑,
*GPx↑,
*lipid-P↓, figure 3
*COX2↓, lycopene (in the form of watermelon powder) reduced inflammation by reducing the activity of the pro-inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2),
*Inflam↓, Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Lycopene
*IL1β↓, inhibits the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α.
*IL6↓,
*IL8↑,
*TNF-α↓,
*NF-kB↓, inhibition of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)
*BP↓, 15 or 30 mg of lycopene was associated with a significant reduction in systolic BP

4800-

Lyco,

Recent insights on pharmacological potential of lycopene and its nanoformulations: an emerging paradigm towards improvement of human health

Review,

Var,

*antiOx↑, It is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger owing to the presence of 13 carbon–carbon double bonds, out of which 11 are conjugated and the remaining 2 are non-conjugated.
Keap1↝, many biological effects on different types of cancers like prostate, breast, skin, and oral cancer by targeting the Keap1-NF-kB, Keap1-Nrf 2 and PI3K/AKT/m-TOR signalling pathway.
NF-kB↝,
NRF2↝,
PI3K↝,
Akt↝,
mTOR↝,
*GutMicro↑, lycopene also has the ability to modify the gut microbiome

4799-

Lyco,

Anticancer Properties of Lycopene

Review,

Var,

Risk↓, Dietary lycopene supplementation may reduce the risk of cancers of many organs such as prostate and at the same time retard the growth of tumors.
TumCG↓,
*antiOx↑, main protection properties of lycopene against cancer include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-inhibitory of cancer cell proliferation
*Inflam↓,
TumCP↓,
TumCCA↑, , and cell cycle progression

4798-

Lyco,

Enhancing Anticancer Treatment Efficacy With Lycopene: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence

Review,

Var,

AntiCan↑, Beyond its direct anticancer effects, LYP has been shown to enhance the efficacy of various anticancer agents when used in combination.
ChemoSen↑,
eff↑, LYP, when used in combination with other therapeutic agents, can modulate several key oncogenic signaling pathways, including JAK2, MAPK, Akt/mTOR, IGF-1R, Akt/EZH2/AR, and PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1.
eff↑, alterations have been observed when LYP is combined with various anticancer therapeutics, including radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy, standard chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, taxanes, and sorafenib

4797-

Lyco,

A mechanistic updated overview on lycopene as potential anticancer agent

Review,

Var,

AntiCan↑, The anticancer potential of lycopene has been described by various in vitro cells, animal studies, and some clinical trials.
antiOx↓, anticancer potential of lycopene is mainly due to its powerful singlet-oxygen quencher characteristics, simulation of detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes production,
Apoptosis↓, initiation of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression as well as modulations of gap junctional communication, the growth factors, and signal transduction pathways
TumCP↓,
TumCCA↑,
Risk↓, The link between increased lycopene consumption and reducedoccurrence of a variety of cancers has been documented by in vitro cells,animal studies, and some clinical studies.
ROS↓, The antioxidant action of lycopene toward ROS
SOD↑, Lycopene can simulate detoxifying/antioxidant enzyme productionsuch as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase.
Catalase↑, . By stimulating ARE system, the lycopene can increase detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes production such as SOD, CAT, GST
GSTs↑,
ARE↑, The upregulating of the ARE system by lycopere has been studied in human BEAS-2B, HepG2, and MCF7
NRF2↑, figure 1
cycD1/CCND1↓, figure 2
cycE/CCNE↑,
CDK2↑,
p27↑,
BAX↑,
Bcl-2↓,
P53↑,
ChemoSen↑, Lycopene has also been declared to have a synergistic effect with drugs used in cancer treatment [16,17,27,32]. Lycopene may contribute to improved anticancer effects of enzalutamide

4796-

Lyco,

The Anti-proliferation Effects of Lycopene on Breast Cancer Cells

in-vitro,

BC,

MCF-7

 0,2,4,6,8 and 10 μM lycopene media solution prepared from 2 mM stock solution of pure crystalline lycopene in tetrahydrofuran.

in-vitro,

Nor,

MCF10

TumCG↓, increasing concentrations of lycopene had a significant inhibitory effect only on MCF-7 cells
selectivity↑, The two cell lines responded differently to lycopene treatment,
*BioAv↑, The absorption of lycopene into the mucosal cells requires bile acid micelles that are aided by ingesting meals that include dietary fat
*antiOx↑, Lycopene acts as a powerful antioxidant in protecting cells against oxidative damage and loss of normal cell function
*ROS↓, figure 3
Risk↓, Many of the studies that have been done so far with lycopene have looked at its role in prostate cancer, and one study reports a 35% risk reduction of prostate cancer with 10 weekly servings of tomato
*cardioP↑,

4795-

Lyco,

Updates on the Anticancer Profile of Lycopene and its Probable Mechanism against Breast and Gynecological Cancer

Review,

BC,

TumCG↓, Experimental studies suggest that lycopene can inhibit tumor growth by regulating various signaling pathways for cell growth, arresting the cell cycle, and inducing cell apoptosis.
TumCCA↑,
Apoptosis↑,
P53↝, Lycopene is reported to combat breast cancer specifically via mechanisms, such as regulation of expression of p53 and Bax, suppression of cyclin D
BAX↝,
cycD1/CCND1↓,
ERK↓, inhibiting the activation of ERK and Akt signaling pathway,
Akt↓,
STAT3↓, and gynecological cancer via various signaling pathways such as STAT3, Nrf2, and NF-κB, down-regulation of ITGB1, ITGA5, FAK, MMP9, and EMT markers, etc.
NRF2↝,
NF-kB↓,
ITGB1↓,
ITGA5↓,
FAK↓,
MMP9↓,
EMT↓,

4794-

Lyco,

Anticancer Effect of Lycopene in Gastric Carcinogenesis

Review,

GC,

*AntiCan↑, Lycopene from red fruits and vegetables has strong anticancer activity in gastric carcinogenesis.
*ROS↓, As one of the most potent antioxidants, lycopene is effective in decreasing oxidative damage by activating antioxidant enzymes such as GSH, GPx and GST.
*GSH↑,
*GPx↑,
*GSTs↑,
TumCG↓, Lycopene treatment inhibits cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis by suppressing ERK signaling pathway.
Apoptosis↑,
ERK↓,
Bcl-2↓, Lycopene decreases Bcl-2 and increases Bax expression, which induce release of cytochrome C from mitochondria, leading to apoptosis.
BAX↑,
Cyt‑c↑,
TumCCA↑, Lycopene treatment inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation by increasing cell cycle arrest in G0–G1 phase
*DNAdam↓, Lycopene inhibits H. pylori-induced increases in ROS levels and DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells

4802-

Lyco,

Dietary intake of tomato and lycopene, blood levels of lycopene, and risk of total and specific cancers in adults: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Review,

Var,

Risk↓, In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we found that higher levels of dietary and blood lycopene were, respectively, associated with 5 and 11% lower risk of overall cancer. I

4792-

Lyco,

A Comprehensive Review on the Molecular Mechanism of Lycopene in Cancer Therapy

Review,

Var,

*AntiCan↑, The antioxidant profile of lycopene promotes anticancerous properties that reduce cancer prevalence by activating cell signaling pathways and gene expression (involved in cancer cell proliferation).
*antiOx↑,
Inflam↓, Lycopene's anti-inflammatory properties suppresses the tumor growth and development- promoting pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
Wnt↓, anticancer property of lycopene is also evidenced by its inhibi- tory potential of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that is involved in cancer cell modulation and propagation.
β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
*ROS↓, Lycopene also suppresses and neutralizes oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA damage, preventing gene mutation.
BioAv↑, high-pressure homogenization having 80 MPa pressure and 25°C temperature (Carpentieri et al. 2023),and freeze-dried tomatoes (Tan et al. 2021) have improved the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of lycopene.
ROS↓, ycopene against pancreatic acinar cells was determined, it was found that IL- 6 and NF-kB are suppressed by lycopene (2 or 5 μmol/L) after 2 h of cerulein activation, demonstrating their role in neutralizing ROS
Risk↓, Mia et al. (2023) determined prostate cancer-lowering properties of lycopene among 47,365 individuals.
PGE2↓, Lycopene also exhibited its suppressive effect by reducing PGE2, COX-2, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 protein (Marino et al. 2023).
COX2↓,
p‑ERK↓,
P21↑, lycopene and fish oil supplementation was revealed by the elevated expression of cell cycle inhibitors (p21 CIP1/WAF1 and p27Kip1) as well as by the reduced expression of MMP-7, MMP-9, COX-2, PGE2
MMP7↓,
MMP9↓,
ChemoSen↑, It was observed that lycopene and cisplatin act synergistically to arrest cell growth by enhancing Bax & Nrf2 expression and inactivating Bcl-2 and NF-kB pathways
eff↑, lycopene silver nanoparticles (LyAgNP) suppressed the progression of HeLa cells and COLO320DM cells

4791-

Lyco,

Investigating into anti-cancer potential of lycopene: Molecular targets

Review,

Var,

*antiOx↑, Lycopene, the main pigment of tomatoes, possess the strongest antioxidant activity among carotenoids. Lycopene has unique structure and chemical properties.
TumCP↓, the anticancer of lycopene is also considered to be an important determinant of tumor development including the inhibition of cell proliferation, inhibition of cell cycle progression, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell invasion, angiogenesis
TumCCA↓,
Apoptosis↑,
TumCI↓,
angioG↓,
TumMeta↓,
*Risk↓, and may be associated with a decreased risk of different types of cancer.
cycD1/CCND1↓, Several studies suggested lycopene decreased cell cycle related proteins, such as cyclin D1, D3 and E, the cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 4, bcl-2, while decreased phospho-Akt levels and increased p21, p27, p53 and bax levels and in Bax: Bcl-2 ratio
CycD3↓,
cycE/CCNE↓,
CDK2↓,
CDK4↓,
Bcl-2↓,
P21↑,
p27↑,
P53↑,
BAX↑,
selectivity↑, lycopene selectively inhibited cell growth in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells but not in the MCF-10 mammary epithelial cells
MMP↓, When treating LNCaP human prostate cancer cells with lycopene, the decreased mitochondrial function could be observed.
Cyt‑c↑, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and finally led to apoptosis
Wnt↓, Lycopene could inhibit Wnt-TCF signaling pathway in cancer cells.
eff↑, Lycopene could synergistically increase QC anticancer activity and inhibit Wnt-TCF signaling in cancer cells.
PPARγ↑, Lycopene could inhibit the growth of cancer cells by activating the PPARγ – LXRα - ABCA1 pathway and decreasing cellular total cholesterol levels
LDL↓,
Akt↓, Lycopene suppressed Akt activation and non-phosphorylated β-Catenin,
PI3K↓, inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer HT-29 cells, which was associated with suppressing PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
mTOR↓,
PDGF↓, Lycopene, however, could inhibit PDGF-BB-induced signaling and cell migration in both human cultured skin fibroblasts and melanoma-derived fibroblasts
NF-kB↓, anticancer properties of lycopene may occur to play its role through the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway
eff↑, lycopene increased the sensitization of cervical cancer cells to cisplatin via the suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses, and the modulation of Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress

4790-

Lyco,

Role of Lycopene in the Control of ROS-Mediated Cell Growth: Implications in Cancer Prevention

Review,

Var,

*antiOx↑, t has also been suggested that lycopene might act as an antioxidant by repairing vitamin E and vitamin C radicals
*ROS⇅, It is hypothesized that lycopene can behave as an antioxidant at low concentrations and as a prooxidant at high concentrations.
TumCP↓, n vitro study, the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (PC-3) with various concentrations of lycopene (20, 40 and 60 μM) showed a significant decrease in cell proliferation
AP-1↓, It has been reported that lycopene is able to inhibit AP-1 signalling in mammary cancer cells
eff↓, prostate cancer cell lines, lycopene alone (at physiological concentrations of 1 μM) was without much effect, but in combination with -tocopherol at 50 μM, it exhibited a synergistic effect

4789-

Lyco,

Inhibitory Effect of Lycopene on Amyloid-β-Induced Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells

in-vitro,

AD,

SH-SY5Y

 amyloid-β-induced alterations. Amyloid-β induces its neurotoxicity in a variety of ways, including accelerating mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production, and neuronal death

*antiOx↑, Lycopene is an antioxidant protecting from oxidative stress-induced cell damage
*ROS↓, Lycopene inhibited apoptosis by reducing ROS, and by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and NF-κB-target gene Nucling expression in neuronal cells.
*NF-kB↓,
*neuroP↑, Lycopene may be beneficial for preventing oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death in patients with neurodegeneration.
*MMP↓, As shown in Figure 3C, amyloid-β increased the ratio of green to red fluorescence in the cells, which reflects a decrease in MMP in amyloid β-stimulated cells
*mtDam↓, Lycopene suppressed decrease in OCR in amyloid-β-stimulated cell, suggesting that lycopene prevents mitochondrial damage induced by amyloid-β in the cells.
*OCR↓, In the present study, lycopene significantly inhibited amyloid-β-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, which was proven by its protective effect in reducing both MMP and OCR.

4788-

Lyco,

Lycopene as a potential anticancer agent: Current evidence on synergism, drug delivery systems and epidemiology (Review)

Review,

Var,

AntiCan↑, It may be associated with a reduction in the morbidity and mortality of several types of cancer, making it a prom‑ ising anticancer agent
ChemoSen↑, present review summarizes the synergistic effects of lycopene as a dietary supplement with other chemotherapy drugs or nutrients, for the enhancement of anticancer effects or the reduction of side effects from chemotherapy drugs.
chemoP↑,
Dose↝, Shao and Hathcock (20) proposed a 75 mg/day intake as the upper limit of lycopene for supplements, as no adverse effects were reported from continuous administration of 75 mg/day lycopene in a 4‑week clinical study
BioAv↑, Thermal processing of tomato products can cause changes in the structure of lycopene to shift and yield cis‑isomers in the product and this form is more bioavailable
BioAv↑, The presence of fat in food also helps enhance the absorption of lycopene (40) and its absorption is influenced by the amount of ingested fat, and the type and emulsification of dietary fat
BioAv↓, avoid the consumption of lycopene concurrently with high dietary fiber, as several types of dietary fiber (e.g. pectin, guar, alginate, etc.) are associated with lower bioavailability of lycopene
cardioP↑, figure 2
AntiDiabetic↑,
hepatoP↑,
neuroP↑,
MAPK↓, 2 mg/kg; 5 mg/kg Inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway (48) and decreased MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 activities through the activation of NM23‑H1, TIMP‑1 and TIMP‑2 expression.
MMP2↓,
MMP9↓,
TIMP1↑,
TIMP2↑,

4786-

Lyco,

Anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activity of lycopene against three subtypes of human breast cancer cell lines

in-vitro,

BC,

MDA-MB-468

10.3 μM

in-vitro,

BC,

MCF-7

29.9 μM

in-vitro,

BC,

SkBr3

22.8 μM

TumCP↓, dose-dependent anti-proliferative activity against these cell lines by arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase at physiologically achievable concentrations found in human plasma.
TumCCA↑,
cl‑PARP↑, demonstrable cleavage of PARP.
ERK↑, Lycopene induced strong and sustained activation of the ERK1/2, with concomitant cyclin D1 suppression and p21 upregulation in these three cell lines
cycD1/CCND1↓,
P21↓,
p‑Akt↓, lycopene inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream molecule mTOR, followed by subsequent upregulation of proapoptotic Bax
mTOR↓,
BAX↑,
AntiCan↑, data indicate that the predominant anticancer activity of lycopene in MDA-MB-468 cells
Risk↓, Lycopene has been shown to reduce the risk of overall breast cancer more prominently than other carotenoids

4785-

Lyco,

The Protective Anticancer Effect of Natural Lycopene Supercritical CO2 Watermelon Extracts in Adenocarcinoma Lung Cancer Cells

in-vitro,

Lung,

A549

ROS↑, we found that Lyc W significantly increased the spontaneous release of ROS
NF-kB↑, We found that Lyc W significantly increased the nuclear expression of NF-kB in comparison to medium (p = 0.0289) and to Lyc G, Lyc T and Lyc S treatments
Apoptosis↑, Lyc W Induces Cell Apoptosis

4784-

Lyco,

Protective effects of lycopene in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases: An update on epidemiological and mechanistic perspectives

Review,

Diabetic,

Review,

CardioV,

*antiOx↑, Owing to its potent antioxidant properties, lycopene can potentially alleviate enhanced levels of proinflammatory mediators (e.g., proinflammatory cytokines IL-8, -6, and -1, and oxidized phospholipids) and prevent NF-κB activation
*IL8↓,
*IL6↓,
*IL1↓,
*NF-kB↓,
Inflam↓, graphical abstract
cycD1/CCND1↓,
MMP2↓,
MMP9↓,
Bcl-2↓,
NF-kB↓,
*Nrf1↑, normal cells
*antiOx↑,
*BDNF↑,
*neuroP↑,
*cardioP↑,
ROS↑, i) enhanced oxidative stress due to prooxidant activities of lycopene under circumstances of tumor cell
Dose↝, There are no known adverse effects from low (12 mg/day) to very high (150 mg/day) intake of dietary or formulated lycopene in a healthy population

1714-

Lyco,

Lycopene reduces ovarian tumor growth and intraperitoneal metastatic load

in-vitro,

Ovarian,

OV-MZ-6

in-vivo,

NA,

mice

ChemoSen↑, Lycopene treatment synergistically enhanced anti-tumorigenic effects of paclitaxel and carboplatin
CA125↓, Lycopene decreased the expression of the ovarian cancer biomarker, CA125.
ITGA5↓, down-regulated expression of ITGA5, ITGB1, MMP9, FAK, ILK and EMT markers, decreased protein expression of integrin α5 and reduced activation of MAPK.
ITGB1↓,
MMP9↓,
FAK↓,
EMT↓,
MAPK↓,
MMP9↓, Levels of MMP9 in serum and ascites were reduced upon lycopene prevention
antiOx↑, The antioxidant properties of lycopene have been reported for the prevention and treatment of different tumor entities, especially in prostate cancer
Ki-67↓, expression of Ki67 in tumor tissues was lowered upon lycopene treatment compared to the placebo
MAPK↓, reduced the protein expression of integrin α5 and activation of MAPK signaling

3261-

Lyco,

Lycopene and Vascular Health

Review,

Stroke,

 endothelial cells

*Inflam↓, main activity profile of lycopene includes antiatherosclerotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antiplatelet, anti-apoptotic, and protective endothelial effects, the ability to improve the metabolic profile, and reduce arterial stif
*antiOx↑, It is a much more potent antioxidant than alpha-tocopherol (10 × more potent) or beta-carotene (twice as potent)
*AntiAg↑, lycopene, protecting against myocardial infarction and stroke, is its antiplatelet activity
*cardioP↑, favorable effect in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, stroke and several other cardiovascular disorders
*SOD↑, Lycopene modulates also the production of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase
*Catalase↑,
*ROS↓, By reducing oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, lycopene increases the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduces protein, lipids, DNA, and mitochondrial damage (
*mtDam↓,
*cardioP↑, Lycopene exerts a cardioprotective effect against atrazine induced cardiac injury due to its anti-inflammatory effect, by blocking the NF-kappa B pathway and NO production
*NF-kB↓,
*NO↓,
*COX2↓, downregulation of cyclooxygenase 2,
*LDL↓, significant reductions in total and LDL cholesterol were revealed only at doses of, at least, 25 mg lycopene/day
*eff↑, It was noticed that lycopene can potentiate the antiplatelet effect of aspirin, which requires low lycopene diet
*ER Stress↓, Lycopene protects the cardiomyocytes by relieving ERS
*BioAv↑, Lycopene is very bioavailable in the presence of oil, especially in monounsaturated oils, other dietary fats and processed tomato products
*eff↑, Lycopene can increase the antioxidant properties of vitamin C, E, polyphenols and beta-carotene in a synergistic way
*MMPs↓, figure 3, secretion of MMPs
*COX2↓,
*RAGE↓,

3260-

Lyco,

Lycopene in human health

Review,

NA,

*BioAv↝, Lycopene bioavailability is lower in raw sources than in thermal processed food sources.
*BioAv↓, As a result of the low bioavailability of lycopene, its circulating levels are more suitable as prognostic data for health outcomes than its dietary intake values
*ROS⇅, A beneficial or prejudicial cellular response by lycopene will depend on its antioxidant or prooxidant properties respectively, depending on the cellular and extracellular environment
*BioAv↝, Thus, there is less bioavailability of lycopene in fresh tomatoes than in processed tomato products (such as pasteurized tomato juice, soup, sauce and ketchup)

1721-

Lyco,

RES,

VitC,

Lycopene, resveratrol, vitamin C and FeSO4 increase damage produced by pro-oxidant carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in Drosophila melanogaster: Xenobiotic metabolism implications.

in-vitro,

Pca,

PC3

in-vitro,

Lung,

A549

in-vitro,

Cerv,

HeLa

in-vitro,

BC,

MCF-7

in-vitro,

Liver,

HepG2

ROS↑, We propose that the basal levels of the XM's enzymes in the ST cross interacted with a putative pro-oxidant activity of the compounds added to the pro-oxidant effects of 4-NQO.

1720-

Lyco,

Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Activities of Carotenoids

Review,

Nor,

ROS↑, lycopene (50 μM) exhibited pro-oxidant effects in in vitro cellular assays with several cancer cell lines (PC-3), (A549), (HeLa), (MCF-7), (A431), and (HepG2)

1719-

Lyco,

Lycopene for the prevention and treatment of prostate disease.

Review,

Var,

ROS⇅, Lycopene, a member of the carotenoid family, found commonly in red pigmented fruit and vegetables has been established as having strong antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties.

1718-

Lyco,

The role of carotenoids in the prevention of human pathologies

Review,

Var,

ROS⇅, Thus, in thymocytes, β-Carotene is an antioxidant at low oxygen pressure but a pro-oxidant at high oxygen concentrations
ROS↑, lycopene may have also prooxidant activities depending on the type of oxidants used.

1717-

Lyco,

Potential Role of Carotenoids as Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease

Review,

Var,

antiOx↑, unique antioxidative properties.
ROS⇅, The molecular mechanisms underlying these reactions are still not fully understood, especially in the context of the anti- and pro-oxidant activity of carotenoids
ROS↑, antioxidant potential (e.g., lutein) or even leads to pro-oxidant behavior (i.e., zeaxanthin)

1716-

Lyco,

Anti-inflammatory Activity of β-Carotene, Lycopene and Tri-n-butylborane, a Scavenger of Reactive Oxygen Species

in-vitro,

AML,

RAW264.7

antiOx↑, carotenoids β-carotene and lycopene are antioxidants that not only quench singlet oxygen but also inhibit lipid peroxidation
lipid-P↓,
ROS↑, These findings could explain the intriguing pro-oxidant and cytotoxic activity of β-carotene.
Dose↑, new radical peaks then becoming slightly but reproducibly evident at concentrations over 10 mM

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 50 of 81
Page 1 of 2 SREBP&page=2&exSp=open">Next

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 81

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↑, 22, ARE↑, 1, Catalase↑, 2, GPx↑, 5, GSH↑, 2, GSR↑, 1, GSTs↓, 1, GSTs↑, 1, H2O2↓, 1, HO-1↑, 3, lipid-P↓, 2, MDA↓, 2, MPO↓, 1, NQO1↑, 2, Nrf1↑, 1, NRF2↓, 1, NRF2↑, 7, ROS↓, 15, ROS↑, 1, ROS⇅, 3, SOD↑, 4, TAC↑, 1, VitC↑, 1, VitE↑, 1,

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

MMP↓, 1, mtDam↓, 3, OCR↓, 1,

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

LDL↓, 1,

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↓, 1, Akt↑, 2, Apoptosis↓, 3, BAX↓, 1, Bcl-2↑, 1, Casp3↓, 1, Casp9↓, 1, JNK↓, 2, MAPK↓, 1,

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

ER Stress↓, 1,

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

DNAdam↓, 1,

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

PI3K↑, 2,

Migration ⓘ

AntiAg↑, 1, Ca+2↝, 1, MMPs↓, 1, RAGE↓, 1, TGF-β1↑, 1,

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

NO↓, 2,

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

BBB↑, 2,

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX2↓, 4, IL1↓, 3, IL10↓, 1, IL10↑, 1, IL12↓, 1, IL1β↓, 4, IL6↓, 6, IL8↓, 2, IL8↑, 1, Inflam↓, 9, NF-kB↓, 7, TNF-α↓, 7,

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

BDNF↑, 6, PSD95↑, 1, TrkB↑, 1,

Protein Aggregation ⓘ

Aβ↓, 1, BACE↓, 1,

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 2, BioAv↑, 5, BioAv↝, 4, Dose?, 1, eff↑, 3, Half-Life↑, 1,

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

BP↓, 1, GutMicro↑, 1, IL6↓, 6, RAGE↓, 1,

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 4, cardioP↑, 6, chemoP↑, 1, cognitive↑, 3, memory↑, 3, neuroP↑, 8, radioP↑, 1, RenoP↑, 1, Risk↓, 2,
Total Targets: 83

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:119  Target#:%  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=on  sortOrder:rid,rpid

Lycopene Cancer Research Results

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

Cell Death ⓘ

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

Migration ⓘ

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

Cell Death ⓘ

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

Migration ⓘ

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

Protein Aggregation ⓘ

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

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