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| Gold NanoParticles are often used as drug carrier. Has impressive optical properties. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are best treated as a nanomaterial “platform” (theranostic / drug-delivery / energy-enhancement adjunct) rather than a single drug. In oncology, their value comes from physics + delivery: Au strongly absorbs/scatters light (plasmonics) enabling photothermal tumor heating; it is a high-Z material that can amplify radiation dose deposition (radiosensitization); and it can be engineered (size/shape/surface ligands) to accumulate in tumors and carry payloads (drugs, immune agonists, imaging dyes). The main translation constraints are heterogeneous tumor delivery (EPR variability), biodistribution/clearance (often liver/spleen uptake), and the fact that many impressive in-vitro effects depend on exposure levels not always achieved in human tumors. Gold Nanoparticles — Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs; GoldNPs) are engineered nanoscale particles containing elemental gold, commonly formulated as spheres, nanorods, nanoshells, nanoclusters, or gold-coated composite particles and frequently modified with PEG, antibodies, peptides, nucleic acids, or therapeutic payloads. They are best classified as a nanomedicine / theranostic platform rather than as a single pharmacologic drug. Their major oncology value derives from the high atomic number of gold, strong and tunable plasmonic optical absorption, readily functionalized surface chemistry, and the ability of selected formulations to accumulate in tumors. Biological activity is highly dependent on particle size, shape, coating, surface charge, attached payload, intracellular localization, and external energy source; therefore mechanistic findings from one AuNP formulation should not automatically be generalized to other AuNPs. Primary mechanisms (ranked):
Bioavailability / PK relevance: AuNP pharmacokinetics are formulation-dependent rather than describable by a single bioavailability value. Intravenous particles commonly undergo protein-corona formation and substantial mononuclear-phagocyte-system sequestration, particularly in liver and spleen. Particle size, hydrodynamic diameter, surface charge and PEGylation strongly affect circulation time, tumor deposition, intracellular uptake and clearance. Larger nanoshell-type particles may persist in reticuloendothelial organs, whereas ultrasmall gold nanoclusters can be engineered for substantial renal elimination. Tumor accumulation through the enhanced permeability and retention effect is heterogeneous and should not be assumed to provide uniform or deep tumor delivery. In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Direct AuNP concentrations and intracellular loading achieved in cultured cells can substantially exceed or differ from exposure achievable within human tumors after systemic administration. Consequently, pathway findings such as apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, PI3K/Akt inhibition, EGFR inhibition, TrxR suppression or ROS induction should not be generalized to elemental AuNPs unless demonstrated for the specific clinically relevant formulation. Photothermal and radiosensitizing effects are additionally dependent on particle localization and external light or ionizing-radiation geometry rather than conventional systemic drug concentration alone. Clinical evidence status: Small human / investigational platform with formulation-specific clinical evidence. The strongest direct oncology evidence is for intravenously administered gold-silica nanoshells followed by near-infrared focal photothermal ablation of localized prostate cancer. A multicenter feasibility study treated 44 evaluable men and reported negative biopsy within the treated zone in approximately 73% at 12 months while generally preserving urinary and sexual function. Other human studies include phase I CYT-6091 gold-bound TNF delivery and a first-in-human phase 0 trial of the BCL2L12-targeting gold spherical nucleic acid NU-0129 in recurrent glioblastoma. AuNP radiosensitization remains predominantly preclinical. Gold nanoparticles are not established as a general approved anticancer drug; importantly, FDA 510(k) clearance of the AuroLase Laser Delivery Device concerns the laser-delivery hardware and does not constitute approval of AuNPs as a systemic cancer therapeutic. Platform : AuNP, Gold NanoParticles Gold nanoparticles are engineered high-Z nanomaterials used in oncology primarily as (1) photothermal transducers, (2) radiosensitizers, and (3) targeted delivery/theranostic carriers. Effects are strongly dependent on particle size/shape/coating, tumor delivery (EPR/targeting), and whether an external energy source (light, radiation) is applied. Gold Nanoparticle Cancer-Relevant Mechanisms
TSF: P: 0–30 min R: 30 min–3 hr G: >3 hr |
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| Also known as CP32. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) is a common key protein in the apoptosis and pyroptosis pathways, and when activated, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene Gasdermin E (GSDME) determines the mechanism of tumor cell death. As a key protein of apoptosis, caspase-3 can also cleave GSDME and induce pyroptosis. Loss of caspase activity is an important cause of tumor progression. Many anticancer strategies rely on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells as a means to shrink tumors. Crucial for apoptotic function are executioner caspases, most notably caspase-3, that proteolyze a variety of proteins, inducing cell death. Paradoxically, overexpression of procaspase-3 (PC-3), the low-activity zymogen precursor to caspase-3, has been reported in a variety of cancer types. Until recently, this counterintuitive overexpression of a pro-apoptotic protein in cancer has been puzzling. Recent studies suggest subapoptotic caspase-3 activity may promote oncogenic transformation, a possible explanation for the enigmatic overexpression of PC-3. Herein, the overexpression of PC-3 in cancer and its mechanistic basis is reviewed; collectively, the data suggest the potential for exploitation of PC-3 overexpression with PC-3 activators as a targeted anticancer strategy. Caspase 3 is the main effector caspase and has a key role in apoptosis. In many types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer, caspase-3 expression is reduced or absent. On the other hand, some studies have shown that high levels of caspase-3 expression can be associated with a better prognosis in certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer. This suggests that caspase-3 may play a role in the elimination of cancer cells, and that therapies aimed at activating caspase-3 may be effective in treating certain types of cancer. Procaspase-3 is a apoptotic marker protein. Prognostic significance: • High Cas3 expression: Associated with good prognosis and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast, gastric, lung, and pancreatic cancers. • Low Cas3 expression: Linked to poor prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in colorectal, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian, and prostate cancers. |
| 401- | GoldNP, | MF, | In vitro evaluation of electroporated gold nanoparticles and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic field anticancer activity against Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Laryn, | HEp2 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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