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| Ajoene is a compound found in garlic, specifically in the oil extracted from crushed garlic cloves. It has been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties. Research suggests that ajoene may have several mechanisms by which it can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis (cell death). Ajoene — an organosulfur secondary metabolite formed from garlic (Allium sativum) after crushing/processing (an allicin-derived transformation product; typically present as E/Z isomers). It is a thiol-reactive small molecule (vinyl-disulfide sulfoxide motif) studied mainly as a cytotoxic/anti-migratory agent in cancer models and as a topical antifungal. Classification: small-molecule natural product (garlic organosulfur compound). Abbreviation(s): none universally standard; often specified as E-ajoene / Z-ajoene. Primary mechanisms (ranked):
Bioavailability / PK relevance: Systemic human PK is poorly defined; ajoene is typically discussed as an allicin-derived downstream product and allicin itself is not detected in human serum after raw garlic ingestion in classic studies. Practical translation in oncology is therefore most credible for local/topical exposure or for optimized analogues; oral dietary exposure may not reproduce common in-vitro micromolar conditions reliably. In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Many anticancer studies use ~low–tens of µM in vitro; whether these levels are achievable systemically from diet/supplements is uncertain. Topical delivery can reach higher local concentrations (e.g., skin lesions/fungal infections), and small human topical studies exist. Clinical evidence status: Predominantly preclinical (cell culture and animal models). Small human topical evidence exists for basal cell carcinoma tumor shrinkage and for fungal skin infections (e.g., tinea pedis; chromoblastomycosis). No robust systemic oncology RCT evidence. Approximate ajoene content values for different parts of the garlic plant:Garlic bulbs: 1-5 mg of ajoene per clove Garlic scapes (green shoots): 0.5-2 mg of ajoene per 100g Garlic chives (leaves): 0.5-2 mg of ajoene per 100g Garlic microgreens: 1-5 mg of ajoene per 100g μM concentrations of ajoene that have been reported to exhibit biological activity: Antimicrobial activity: 1-10 μM Antioxidant activity: 1-50 μM Anti-inflammatory activity: 5-20 μM Anticancer activity: 10-50 μM Cardiovascular health: 5-20 μM Approximate unverified μM concentrations of ajoene that can be achieved with different amounts of garlic or garlic chives: 1 clove of garlic (3g): approximately 1-5 μM of ajoene 1 tablespoon of minced garlic (15g): approximately 5-15 μM of ajoene 1 cup of chopped garlic (100g): approximately 30-60 μM of ajoene 1 tablespoon of chopped garlic chives (15g): approximately 0.5-2 μM of ajoene 1 cup of chopped garlic chives (100g): approximately 5-10 μM of ajoene 1 ounce (28g) of garlic microgreens: approximately 10-30 μM of ajoene 1 cup of garlic microgreens (100g): approximately 30-60 μM of ajoene 1 ounce (28g) of garlic chive microgreens: approximately 5-15 μM of ajoene 1 cup of garlic chive microgreens (100g): approximately 15-30 μM of ajoene Ajoene — mechanistic axes relevant to oncology translation
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| Glutathione (GSH) is a thiol antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in the formation of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Decreased amounts of GSH and a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio in tissues are biomarkers of oxidative stress. Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant found in every cell of the body, composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glutamine, and glycine. It plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress, detoxifying harmful substances, and supporting the immune system. cancer cells can have elevated levels of glutathione, which may help them survive in the oxidative environment created by the immune response and chemotherapy. This can make cancer cells more resistant to treatment. While glutathione can be obtained from certain foods (like fruits, vegetables, and meats), its absorption from supplements is debated. Some people take N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or other precursors to boost glutathione levels, but the effects on cancer prevention or treatment are still being studied. Depleting glutathione (GSH) to raise reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a strategy that has been explored in cancer research and therapy. Many cancer cells have altered redox states and may rely on GSH to survive. Increasing ROS levels can induce stress in these cells, potentially leading to cell death. Certain drugs and compounds can deplete GSH levels. For example, agents like buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) inhibit the synthesis of GSH, leading to its depletion. Cancer cells tend to exhibit higher levels of intracellular GSH, possibly as an adaptive response to a higher metabolism and thus higher steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). "...intracellular glutathione (GSH) exhibits an astounding antioxidant activity in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS)..." "Cancer cells have a high level of GSH compared to normal cells." "...cancer cells are affluent with high antioxidant levels, especially with GSH, whose appearance at an elevated concentration of ∼10 mM (10 times less in normal cells) detoxifies the cancer cells." "Therefore, GSH depletion can be assumed to be the key strategy to amplify the oxidative stress in cancer cells, enhancing the destruction of cancer cells by fruitful cancer therapy." The loss of GSH is broadly known to be directly related to the apoptosis progression. |
| 5344- | Ajoene, | Ajoene, a Stable Garlic By-Product, Has an Antioxidant Effect through Nrf2-Mediated Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase Induction in HepG2 Cells and Primary Hepatocytes |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HepG2 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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