| Features: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ajoene is a compound found in garlic, specifically in the oil extracted from crushed garlic cloves. It has been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties. Research suggests that ajoene may have several mechanisms by which it can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis (cell death). Ajoene — an organosulfur secondary metabolite formed from garlic (Allium sativum) after crushing/processing (an allicin-derived transformation product; typically present as E/Z isomers). It is a thiol-reactive small molecule (vinyl-disulfide sulfoxide motif) studied mainly as a cytotoxic/anti-migratory agent in cancer models and as a topical antifungal. Classification: small-molecule natural product (garlic organosulfur compound). Abbreviation(s): none universally standard; often specified as E-ajoene / Z-ajoene. Primary mechanisms (ranked):
Bioavailability / PK relevance: Systemic human PK is poorly defined; ajoene is typically discussed as an allicin-derived downstream product and allicin itself is not detected in human serum after raw garlic ingestion in classic studies. Practical translation in oncology is therefore most credible for local/topical exposure or for optimized analogues; oral dietary exposure may not reproduce common in-vitro micromolar conditions reliably. In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Many anticancer studies use ~low–tens of µM in vitro; whether these levels are achievable systemically from diet/supplements is uncertain. Topical delivery can reach higher local concentrations (e.g., skin lesions/fungal infections), and small human topical studies exist. Clinical evidence status: Predominantly preclinical (cell culture and animal models). Small human topical evidence exists for basal cell carcinoma tumor shrinkage and for fungal skin infections (e.g., tinea pedis; chromoblastomycosis). No robust systemic oncology RCT evidence. Approximate ajoene content values for different parts of the garlic plant:Garlic bulbs: 1-5 mg of ajoene per clove Garlic scapes (green shoots): 0.5-2 mg of ajoene per 100g Garlic chives (leaves): 0.5-2 mg of ajoene per 100g Garlic microgreens: 1-5 mg of ajoene per 100g μM concentrations of ajoene that have been reported to exhibit biological activity: Antimicrobial activity: 1-10 μM Antioxidant activity: 1-50 μM Anti-inflammatory activity: 5-20 μM Anticancer activity: 10-50 μM Cardiovascular health: 5-20 μM Approximate unverified μM concentrations of ajoene that can be achieved with different amounts of garlic or garlic chives: 1 clove of garlic (3g): approximately 1-5 μM of ajoene 1 tablespoon of minced garlic (15g): approximately 5-15 μM of ajoene 1 cup of chopped garlic (100g): approximately 30-60 μM of ajoene 1 tablespoon of chopped garlic chives (15g): approximately 0.5-2 μM of ajoene 1 cup of chopped garlic chives (100g): approximately 5-10 μM of ajoene 1 ounce (28g) of garlic microgreens: approximately 10-30 μM of ajoene 1 cup of garlic microgreens (100g): approximately 30-60 μM of ajoene 1 ounce (28g) of garlic chive microgreens: approximately 5-15 μM of ajoene 1 cup of garlic chive microgreens (100g): approximately 15-30 μM of ajoene Ajoene — mechanistic axes relevant to oncology translation
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Source: |
| Type: |
| Tumor cell invasion is a critical process in cancer progression and metastasis, where cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to surrounding tissues and distant organs. This process involves several key steps and mechanisms: 1.Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT): Many tumors originate from epithelial cells, which are typically organized in layers. During EMT, these cells lose their epithelial characteristics (such as cell-cell adhesion) and gain mesenchymal traits (such as increased motility). This transition is crucial for invasion. 2.Degradation of Extracellular Matrix (ECM): Tumor cells secrete enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), that degrade the ECM, allowing cancer cells to invade surrounding tissues. This degradation facilitates the movement of cancer cells through the tissue. 3.Cell Migration: Once the ECM is degraded, cancer cells can migrate. They often use various mechanisms, including amoeboid movement and mesenchymal migration, to move through the tissue. This migration is influenced by various signaling pathways and the tumor microenvironment. 4.Angiogenesis: As tumors grow, they require a blood supply to provide nutrients and oxygen. Tumor cells can stimulate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) through the release of growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This not only supports tumor growth but also provides a route for cancer cells to enter the bloodstream. 5.Invasion into Blood Vessels (Intravasation): Cancer cells can invade nearby blood vessels, allowing them to enter the circulatory system. This step is crucial for metastasis, as it enables cancer cells to travel to distant sites in the body. 6.Survival in Circulation: Once in the bloodstream, cancer cells must survive the immune response and the shear stress of blood flow. They can form clusters with platelets or other cells to evade detection. 7.Extravasation and Colonization: After traveling through the bloodstream, cancer cells can exit the circulation (extravasation) and invade new tissues. They may then establish secondary tumors (metastases) in distant organs. 8.Tumor Microenvironment: The surrounding microenvironment plays a significant role in tumor invasion. Factors such as immune cells, fibroblasts, and signaling molecules can either promote or inhibit invasion and metastasis. |
| 5343- | Ajoene, | The garlic compound ajoene covalently binds vimentin, disrupts the vimentin network and exerts anti-metastatic activity in cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:196 Target#:324 State#:% Dir#:%
wNotes=0 sortOrder:rid,rpid