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| Ajoene is a compound found in garlic, specifically in the oil extracted from crushed garlic cloves. It has been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties. Research suggests that ajoene may have several mechanisms by which it can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis (cell death). Ajoene — an organosulfur secondary metabolite formed from garlic (Allium sativum) after crushing/processing (an allicin-derived transformation product; typically present as E/Z isomers). It is a thiol-reactive small molecule (vinyl-disulfide sulfoxide motif) studied mainly as a cytotoxic/anti-migratory agent in cancer models and as a topical antifungal. Classification: small-molecule natural product (garlic organosulfur compound). Abbreviation(s): none universally standard; often specified as E-ajoene / Z-ajoene. Primary mechanisms (ranked):
Bioavailability / PK relevance: Systemic human PK is poorly defined; ajoene is typically discussed as an allicin-derived downstream product and allicin itself is not detected in human serum after raw garlic ingestion in classic studies. Practical translation in oncology is therefore most credible for local/topical exposure or for optimized analogues; oral dietary exposure may not reproduce common in-vitro micromolar conditions reliably. In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Many anticancer studies use ~low–tens of µM in vitro; whether these levels are achievable systemically from diet/supplements is uncertain. Topical delivery can reach higher local concentrations (e.g., skin lesions/fungal infections), and small human topical studies exist. Clinical evidence status: Predominantly preclinical (cell culture and animal models). Small human topical evidence exists for basal cell carcinoma tumor shrinkage and for fungal skin infections (e.g., tinea pedis; chromoblastomycosis). No robust systemic oncology RCT evidence. Approximate ajoene content values for different parts of the garlic plant:Garlic bulbs: 1-5 mg of ajoene per clove Garlic scapes (green shoots): 0.5-2 mg of ajoene per 100g Garlic chives (leaves): 0.5-2 mg of ajoene per 100g Garlic microgreens: 1-5 mg of ajoene per 100g μM concentrations of ajoene that have been reported to exhibit biological activity: Antimicrobial activity: 1-10 μM Antioxidant activity: 1-50 μM Anti-inflammatory activity: 5-20 μM Anticancer activity: 10-50 μM Cardiovascular health: 5-20 μM Approximate unverified μM concentrations of ajoene that can be achieved with different amounts of garlic or garlic chives: 1 clove of garlic (3g): approximately 1-5 μM of ajoene 1 tablespoon of minced garlic (15g): approximately 5-15 μM of ajoene 1 cup of chopped garlic (100g): approximately 30-60 μM of ajoene 1 tablespoon of chopped garlic chives (15g): approximately 0.5-2 μM of ajoene 1 cup of chopped garlic chives (100g): approximately 5-10 μM of ajoene 1 ounce (28g) of garlic microgreens: approximately 10-30 μM of ajoene 1 cup of garlic microgreens (100g): approximately 30-60 μM of ajoene 1 ounce (28g) of garlic chive microgreens: approximately 5-15 μM of ajoene 1 cup of garlic chive microgreens (100g): approximately 15-30 μM of ajoene Ajoene — mechanistic axes relevant to oncology translation
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| Vimentin, a major constituent of the intermediate filament family of proteins, is ubiquitously expressed in normal mesenchymal cells and is known to maintain cellular integrity and provide resistance against stress. Vimentin is overexpressed in various epithelial cancers, including prostate cancer, gastrointestinal tumors, tumors of the central nervous system, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, and lung cancer. Vimentin’s overexpression in cancer correlates well with accelerated tumor growth, invasion, and poor prognosis; however, the role of vimentin in cancer progression remains obscure. In many epithelial-derived tumors (carcinomas), elevated Vimentin expression is often observed in cancer cells that have undergone EMT. This upregulation is characteristic of a shift toward a mesenchymal state, which is associated with reduced cell–cell adhesion and increased motility. Vimentin expression is also noted in the tumor stroma, reflecting the presence and activation of mesenchymal cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This dual expression can contribute to the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. The degree of Vimentin expression may vary depending on the tumor type, grade, and stage. More aggressive and advanced tumors tend to show higher levels of Vimentin expression. High Vimentin expression has been correlated with poor clinical outcomes in several cancers, including breast, colorectal, prostate, and lung cancers. Elevated Vimentin levels are typically associated with higher tumor grade, increased invasiveness, enhanced metastatic potential, and a greater risk of recurrence. As a component of the EMT signature, high Vimentin expression can serve as an indicator of a more aggressive tumor phenotype and is often associated with reduced overall survival. - vimentin up-regulation is often used as a marker of EMT in cancer |
| 5343- | Ajoene, | The garlic compound ajoene covalently binds vimentin, disrupts the vimentin network and exerts anti-metastatic activity in cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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