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| Electrical Pulses (Pulsed Electric Field therapies; PEF) are a bioelectromagnetic modality in oncology that delivers brief, high-voltage (or high-field) pulses to tissue to permeabilize membranes and/or ablate tumors. Clinically relevant categories commonly discussed: -Shorter, bipolar/high-frequency µs waveforms (H-FIRE) are repeatedly shown to reduce or eliminate muscle contractions versus classic monopolar IRE, improving tolerability and potentially reducing need for paralytics. -Nanosecond pulses with fast rise times can overcome membrane charging delays and directly polarize organelles, which is why rise-time engineering becomes a first-order variable for intracellular effects (mitochondria/ER, Ca²⁺, ROS, regulated death programs). -nsPEF / Nano-Pulse Stimulation (NPS) used as irreversible tumor ablation (intracellular emphasis). With ns pulses, fast rise times and short widths can drive intracellular membrane perturbation (not just plasma membrane), shifting biological response vs classic IRE.
In nsPEF systems the main engineering challenge is not current or power, but:
-generating fast rise times
-maintaining transmission line impedance
-preventing pulse distortion at the electrodes
Other important aspects of nsPEF
-mainly an electric field effect:
-Membrane breakdown typically occurs around 0.5–1 V across the membrane,
which corresponds to ~10–50 kV/cm fields in tissue.
-ns pulses terminate before plasma channels develop.
-impedance mismatch and cable dispersion is important
-nsPEF often induces programmed cell death rather than thermal ablation
The hallmark of nsPEF is simultaneous targeting of multiple intracellular pathways, particularly:
-Calcium signaling (Ca²⁺ release)
-Mitochondrial apoptosis (ΔΨm↓, Caspase-9↑, Caspase-3↑)
-ROS stress pathways
Research might show cancer cells have some greater sensitivity to nsPEF,
but nsPEF affects both normal and cancer cells
Electrical Pulses / PEF Oncology Modality — Ranked Mechanistic Axes
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| Type: enzymes |
| Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Citric Acid cycle or Krebs cycle, is a key metabolic pathway that plays a central role in cellular energy production. The TCA cycle is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria and involve the breakdown of acetyl-CoA, a molecule produced from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The TCA cycle produces: 1. NADH and FADH2 2. ATP 3. GTP Expression of TCA cycle enzymes is often downregulated in cancer cells. Since cancer cells often exhibit rewired metabolism, including alterations in the use of the TCA cycle, researchers are exploring potential therapeutic interventions that target metabolic enzymes or pathways. TCA cycle is essential for normal cellular metabolism, its role in cancer is multifaceted. Cancer cells often reprogram their metabolism—including the TCA cycle—to support rapid growth, adapt to hypoxia, and manage oxidative stress. Mutations in key TCA cycle enzymes generate oncometabolites that further contribute to cancer progression by disrupting normal cellular regulation. Rather than saying the TCA cycle is globally over- or underexpressed in cancer, it is more accurate to say that cancer cells reprogram the cycle—with selective upregulation of parts important for biosynthesis and survival and mutations or downregulation of other parts—to best support their growth and survival in a challenging microenvironment. Oncometabolites -Some metabolites in the Krebs cycle, when accumulated to abnormal levels due to genetic mutations or enzyme deficiencies, are termed “oncometabolites” because they can promote tumorigenesis. -Mutations in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) can lead to accumulation of succinate. -Mutations in fumarate hydratase (FH) result in an accumulation of fumarate. -Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 and IDH2) result in a neomorphic enzyme activity that converts α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate: |
| 933- | CUR, | EP, | Effective electrochemotherapy with curcumin in MDA-MB-231-human, triple negative breast cancer cells: A global proteomics study |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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