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| Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging, non-invasive treatment modality that employs ultrasound energy in conjunction with sonosensitizers to induce cytotoxicity in target tissues. A key mechanism by which SDT exerts its therapeutic effects is through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also known as high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) SDT relies on the ultrasound-triggered activation of sonosensitizers (similar in concept to photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy). When activated by ultrasound, these compounds undergo energy transitions that lead to the production of ROS, such as singlet oxygen and free radicals. -Advantages of SDT include its non-invasive nature, deep tissue penetration of ultrasound, and the ability to target localized areas with high precision. -Challenges remain in precisely controlling ROS production and ensuring that the resulting oxidative stress is sufficient to induce cell death in tumor cells without overwhelming damage to surrounding normal tissues. Sonosensitizers: – Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HPD) and Photofrin – Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) – Chlorin e6 (Ce6) – Phthalocyanine compounds – Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles – Other metallic or semiconductor nanoparticles, sometimes functionalized or loaded with traditional sensitizer molecules (e.g., gold nanoparticles, copper-cysteamine), have been explored to enhance ROS production and improve tumor targeting. – Curcumin, derived from turmeric, has been shown in several studies to exhibit sonosensitizing properties. – Under ultrasound activation, quercetin may act as a sonosensitizer, increasing ROS generation and contributing to cancer cell apoptosis. US frequency range of 150 kHz–3 MHz, irradiation dose of 2–3 W cm−2, and the actuation duration range of 1–20 min are used for SDT research https://can-amhifu.com/ https://canadaclinicsupply.com/product/soundcare-plus-professional-dual-ultrasound-device-by-roscoe/ https://physiostore.ca/product-category/therapeutic-modalities/therapeutic-ultrasound/clinical-ultrasound-systems/ https://physiostore.ca/richmar-home-ultrasound-2000-2nd-edition/ -SDT is a pro-oxidant modality → strong antioxidants could theoretically reduce efficacy if present at high tissue levels (same logic as PDT), but this is highly protocol- and sensitizer-dependent. -Hypoxia can blunt ROS-based killing; strategies sometimes include oxygenation, microbubbles, or vascular modulation.
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Sonodynamic Therapy — Common Sonosensitizer Classes
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| Destruction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which is widely regarded as one of the earliest events in the process of cell apoptosis. Mitochondria are organelles within eukaryotic cells that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy molecule used by the cell. For this reason, the mitochondrion is sometimes referred to as “the powerhouse of the cell”. Mitochondria produce ATP through process of cellular respiration—specifically, aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen. The citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, takes place in the mitochondria. The mitochondrial membrane potential is widely used in assessing mitochondrial function as it relates to the mitochondrial capacity of ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrial membrane potential is a reliable indicator of mitochondrial health. In cancer cells, ΔΨm is often decreased, which can lead to changes in cellular metabolism, increased glycolysis, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and altered cell death pathways. The membrane of malignant mitochondria is hyperpolarized (−220 mV) in comparison to their healthy counterparts (−160 mV), which facilitates the penetration of positively charged molecules to the cancer cells mitochondria. The MMP is a critical indicator of mitochondrial function, directly reflecting the organelle's capacity to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. |
| 4415- | AgNPs, | SDT, | CUR, | Examining the Impact of Sonodynamic Therapy With Ultrasound Wave in the Presence of Curcumin-Coated Silver Nanoparticles on the Apoptosis of MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 |
| 1674- | PBG, | SDT, | HPT, | Study on the effect of a triple cancer treatment of propolis, thermal cycling-hyperthermia, and low-intensity ultrasound on PANC-1 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | PANC1 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | H6c7 |
| 2549- | SDT, | Landscape of Cellular Bioeffects Triggered by Ultrasound-Induced Sonoporation |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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