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| Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging, non-invasive treatment modality that employs ultrasound energy in conjunction with sonosensitizers to induce cytotoxicity in target tissues. A key mechanism by which SDT exerts its therapeutic effects is through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also known as high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) SDT relies on the ultrasound-triggered activation of sonosensitizers (similar in concept to photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy). When activated by ultrasound, these compounds undergo energy transitions that lead to the production of ROS, such as singlet oxygen and free radicals. -Advantages of SDT include its non-invasive nature, deep tissue penetration of ultrasound, and the ability to target localized areas with high precision. -Challenges remain in precisely controlling ROS production and ensuring that the resulting oxidative stress is sufficient to induce cell death in tumor cells without overwhelming damage to surrounding normal tissues. Sonosensitizers: – Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HPD) and Photofrin – Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) – Chlorin e6 (Ce6) – Phthalocyanine compounds – Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles – Other metallic or semiconductor nanoparticles, sometimes functionalized or loaded with traditional sensitizer molecules (e.g., gold nanoparticles, copper-cysteamine), have been explored to enhance ROS production and improve tumor targeting. – Curcumin, derived from turmeric, has been shown in several studies to exhibit sonosensitizing properties. – Under ultrasound activation, quercetin may act as a sonosensitizer, increasing ROS generation and contributing to cancer cell apoptosis. US frequency range of 150 kHz–3 MHz, irradiation dose of 2–3 W cm−2, and the actuation duration range of 1–20 min are used for SDT research https://can-amhifu.com/ https://canadaclinicsupply.com/product/soundcare-plus-professional-dual-ultrasound-device-by-roscoe/ https://physiostore.ca/product-category/therapeutic-modalities/therapeutic-ultrasound/clinical-ultrasound-systems/ https://physiostore.ca/richmar-home-ultrasound-2000-2nd-edition/ -SDT is a pro-oxidant modality → strong antioxidants could theoretically reduce efficacy if present at high tissue levels (same logic as PDT), but this is highly protocol- and sensitizer-dependent. -Hypoxia can blunt ROS-based killing; strategies sometimes include oxygenation, microbubbles, or vascular modulation.
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Sonodynamic Therapy — Common Sonosensitizer Classes
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| Cytochrome c ** The term "release of cytochrome c" ** an increase in level for the cytosol. Small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. The term "release of cytochrome c" refers to a critical step in the process of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. In its new location—the cytosol—cytochrome c participates in the apoptotic signaling pathway by helping to form the apoptosome, which activates caspases that execute cell death. Cytochrome c is a small protein normally located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its primary role in healthy cells is to participate in the electron transport chain, a process that helps produce energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability leads to the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The release of cytochrome c is a pivotal event in apoptosis where cytochrome c moves from the mitochondria to the cytosol, initiating a chain reaction that leads to programmed cell death. On the one hand, cytochrome c can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by regulating the activity of various signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. This can lead to increased cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, which are hallmarks of cancer. On the other hand, cytochrome c can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells by interacting with other proteins, such as Apaf-1 and caspase-9. This can lead to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which can result in the death of cancer cells. Overexpressed in Breast, Lung, Colon, and Prostrate. Underexpressed in Ovarian, and Pancreatic. |
| 4415- | AgNPs, | SDT, | CUR, | Examining the Impact of Sonodynamic Therapy With Ultrasound Wave in the Presence of Curcumin-Coated Silver Nanoparticles on the Apoptosis of MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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