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| HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) is a surrogate index of: -Insulin resistance -Compensatory hyperinsulinemia Functionally, a high HOMA-IR indicates chronic activation of insulin–IGF signaling, which is directly oncogenic. HOMA-IR < 1.0: Low oncogenic insulin signaling HOMA-IR 1.5–2.5: Mild risk amplification HOMA-IR > 2.5–3.0: Sustained oncogenic signaling environment Reducing HOMA-IR downregulates oncogenic signaling: -Caloric restriction / fasting -Exercise (↑ insulin sensitivity, ↑ irisin) -AMPK activation (e.g., metformin) -Weight reduction (↓ leptin, ↓ resistin A high HOMA-IR reflects a pro-cancer signaling state, characterized by: -PI3K–AKT–mTOR hyperactivation -Loss of metabolic checkpoints -Inflammation–hormone synergy |
| 5061- | Ex, | Role of physical exercise in modulating the insulin-like growth factor system for improving breast cancer outcomes: A meta-analysis |
| - | Review, | BC, | NA |
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