Propolis -bee glue / NO Cancer Research Results

PBG, Propolis -bee glue: Click to Expand ⟱

Features: Compound

Brazilian Green Propolis often considered best
• Derived from Baccharis dracunulifolia, this type is rich in artepillin C.
• It has been widely researched for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.
-Propolis common researched flavonoids :chrysin, pinocembrin, galangin, pinobanksin(Pinocembrin)
-most representative phenolic acids were caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid, as well as their derivatives, DMCA and caffeic acid prenyl, benzyl, phenylethyl (CAPE), and cinnamyl esters
-One of the most studied active compounds of a poplar-type propolis is caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)
-caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), galangin, chrysin, nemorosone, propolin G, artepillin C, cardanol, pinocembrin, pinobanksin, chicoric acid, and phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and coumaric acid), as well as luteolin, apigenin, myricetin, naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin, polysaccharides, tannins, terpenes, sterols, and aldehydes -content highly variable based on location and extraction
Two main factors of interest:
1. affects interstitual fluild pH
2. high concentration raises ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), while low concentration may reduce ROS

- Artepillin-C (major phenolic compounds found in Brazilian green propolis (BGP))
- caffeic acid major source

Propolis is chemically diverse (300+ compounds reported) and composition depends on botanical/geographic source.
Antibacterial activity is documented in classic literature (often stronger against Gram+).
CAPE from propolis has reported preferential tumor cytotoxicity in early landmark work (often cited in antimicrobial paper references)

Do not combine with 2DG

Pathways:
-Propolis compounds (e.g., artepillin C, caffeic acid phenethyl ester [CAPE]) can trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells.
-Propolis has been shown to inhibit NF‑κB activation.
-Propolis extracts can cause cell cycle arrest at specific checkpoints (e.g., G0/G1 or G2/M phases).
-Enhance the body’s antitumor immune responses, for example by activating natural killer (NK) cells and modulating cytokine profiles.

-Note half-life no standard, high variablity of content.
BioAv poor water solubility, and low oral bioavailability.
Pathways:
- high concentration may induce ROS production, while low concentrations mya low it. This may apply to both normal and cancer cells. Normal Cells Example. (Also not sure if high level are acheivable in vivo due to bioavailability)
- ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, UPR↑, GRP78↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓, Prx,
SOD↓, GSH↓ Catalase↓ HO1↓ GPx↓ -->
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, P53↑,
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, TOP1↓, TET1,
- inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, STAT↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK,
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells

Rank	Pathway / Axis	Cancer Cells	Normal Cells	TSF	Primary Effect	Notes / Interpretation
1	ROS / redox stress (context-selective)	Often ↑ ROS / oxidative stress susceptibility (P→R→G)	Often antioxidant / cytoprotective in inflammatory stress contexts (R→G)	P, R, G	Stress amplifier / selectivity gate	Net ROS direction is highly context- and extract-dependent; propolis chemistry varies by geography/plant source and can shift redox behavior.
2	NF-κB inflammatory transcription	↓ NF-κB activity (R→G)	Anti-inflammatory signaling in immune/tissue contexts (R→G)	R, G	Anti-inflammatory / anti-survival transcription	A common “hub” claim across propolis literature; contributes to reduced cytokine/pro-survival programs.
3	Intrinsic apoptosis (mitochondria → caspases)	↑ apoptosis; ↑ caspase activation (G)	↔ (usually less activation)	G	Cell death execution	Often downstream of sustained stress signaling and/or survival pathway suppression.
4	MAPK re-wiring (ERK / p38 / JNK)	Stress MAPK shifts; JNK/p38 often ↑ with stress (P→R); ERK variable	↔ / context-dependent	P, R, G	Signal reprogramming	MAPK directions depend on extract composition, dose, and tumor type; best described as “re-wiring” rather than fixed arrows for ERK.
5	PI3K → AKT (± mTOR)	↓ PI3K/AKT survival signaling (R→G)	↔	R, G	Growth/survival suppression	Often reported alongside reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis susceptibility.
6	Nrf2 / antioxidant response (HO-1, GSH enzymes)	Context-dependent (may be ↓ in tumor-stress settings; may be ↑ as adaptation)	Often ↑ protective antioxidant response under stress	R, G	Adaptive buffering	Nrf2 direction is not universal; avoid absolute “Nrf2 always ↑/↓” statements for propolis.
7	Angiogenesis (VEGF and related factors)	↓ angiogenic signaling outputs (G)	↔	G	Anti-angiogenic support	Usually shows up in later gene-expression / phenotype assays rather than early signaling.
8	EMT / invasion / migration (MMPs, EMT markers)	↓ EMT / ↓ migration & invasion programs (G)	↔	G	Anti-invasive phenotype	Often measured as reduced MMP activity and reduced migration/invasion phenotypes; timing tends to be later.
9	Antimicrobial / microbiome-relevant effects	Indirect (may reduce infection-driven inflammation)	Direct antimicrobial activity (context)	R, G	Host-protective / anti-infective	Propolis has documented antibacterial activity (stronger vs many Gram+ than Gram− in classic reports), which can matter for inflammation-linked biology.
10	Key bioactives (CAPE; flavonoids/phenolics)	CAPE-class compounds: tumor-selective cytotoxicity reported (G)	↔	G	“Active fraction” concept	Propolis is a mixture; effects may be driven by a few high-impact phenolics (e.g., CAPE) and vary by extract standardization.

Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G

P: 0–30 min (primary/physical–chemical effects; rapid signaling / phosphorylation shifts)
R: 30 min–3 hr (redox signaling + acute stress-response signaling)
G: >3 hr (gene-regulatory adaptation and phenotype-level outcomes)

NO, Nitric Oxide: Click to Expand ⟱

Source:

Type:

Once the cancer has begun, NO seems to play a protumoral role rather than antitumoral one as the concentration required to cause tumor cell cytotoxicity cannot be achieved by cancer cells.
The mechanistic roles of nitric oxide (NO) during cancer progression have been important considerations since its discovery as an endogenously generated free radical. Nonetheless, the impacts of this signaling molecule can be seemingly contradictory, being both pro-and antitumorigenic, which complicates the development of cancer treatments based on the modulation of NO fluxes in tumors. At a fundamental level, low levels of NO drive oncogenic pathways, immunosuppression, metastasis, and angiogenesis, while higher levels lead to apoptosis and reduced hypoxia and also sensitize tumors to conventional therapies. However, clinical outcome depends on the type and stage of the tumor as well as the tumor microenvironment.
Nitric oxide is generated by three main nitric oxide synthase isoforms: neuronal (nNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and inducible (iNOS).

– In many cancers, especially under inflammatory conditions, iNOS expression is upregulated. In contrast, eNOS levels may also be altered in cancers such as breast or prostate cancer.

• Expression Patterns in Tumors:
– Elevated iNOS expression is commonly observed in various tumor types (e.g., colon, breast, lung, and melanoma) and is often associated with an inflammatory microenvironment.

– Changes in eNOS and nNOS expression have also been reported and may contribute to angiogenesis and tumor blood flow regulation.

Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱

3249-

PBG,

Can Propolis Be a Useful Adjuvant in Brain and Neurological Disorders and Injuries? A Systematic Scoping Review of the Latest Experimental Evidence

Review,

Var,

*Inflam↓, *ROS↓, *MDA↓, *TNF-α↓, *NO↓, *iNOS↓, *SOD↑, *GPx↑, *GSR↓, *GSH↑, *neuroP↑, *IL6↓, *MMP2↓, *MMP9↓, *MCP1↓, *HSP70/HSPA5↑, *motorD↑, *Pain↓, *VCAM-1↓, *NF-kB↓, *MAPK↓, *JNK↓, *IL1β↓, *AChE↓, *toxicity∅, cognitive↑,

3251-

PBG,

The Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids from Propolis via Nrf2 and NF-κB Pathways

Review,

AD,

Review,

Diabetic,

Review,

Var,

in-vitro,

Nor,

H9c2

To induce oxidative stress, H9c2 cells were exposed to multiple H2O2 concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μM) for 1 h

*antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *ROS↓, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *HO-1↑, *NO↓, *NOS2↓, *NF-kB↓, *NRF2↑, *hepatoP↑, *MDA↓, *mtDam↓, *GSH↑, *p65↓, *TNF-α↓, *IL1β↓, *NRF2↑, *NRF2↓, *ROS⇅, *BioAv↓, *BioAv↑,

3259-

PBG,

Propolis and its therapeutic effects on renal diseases: A review

Review,

Nor,

*Inflam↓, *COX2↓, *ROS↓, *NO↓, *NF-kB↓, TumCP↓, angioG↓, VEGF↓, STAT↓, Hif1a↓, RenoP↑, TLR4↓, *MDA↓, *GSH↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *toxicity∅,

1666-

PBG,

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Propolis and Its Polyphenolic Compounds against Cancer

Review,

Var,

ChemoSen↑, TumCCA↑, TumCP↓, Apoptosis↑, antiOx↓, ROS↑, COX2↑, ER(estro)↓, cycA1/CCNA1↓, CycB/CCNB1↓, CDK2↓, P21↑, p27↑, hTERT/TERT↓, HDAC↓, ROS⇅, Dose?, ROS↓, ROS↑, DNAdam↑, ChemoSen↑, LOX1↓, lipid-P↓, NO↑, Igs↑, NK cell↑, MMPs↓, VEGF↓, Hif1a↓, GLUT1↓, HK2↓, selectivity↑, RadioS↑, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, eff↓, *BioAv↓,

1680-

PBG,

Protection against Ultraviolet A-Induced Skin Apoptosis and Carcinogenesis through the Oxidative Stress Reduction Effects of N-(4-bromophenethyl) Caffeamide, a Propolis Derivative

in-vitro,

Nor,

HS68

*ROS↓, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *cJun↓, *MMP1↓, *MMP2↓, *p‑cJun↓, *cFos↓, *BAX↓, *Casp3↓, *DNAdam↓, *iNOS↓, *COX2↓, *IL6↓, *PGE2↓, *NO↓,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 5 of 5

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 5

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

cognitive↑, 1, RenoP↑, 1,
Total Targets: 40

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↑, 1, Catalase↑, 2, GPx↑, 1, GSH↑, 3, GSR↓, 1, HO-1↑, 2, MDA↓, 3, NRF2↓, 1, NRF2↑, 3, ROS↓, 4, ROS⇅, 1, SOD↑, 3,

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

mtDam↓, 1,

Cell Death ⓘ

BAX↓, 1, Casp3↓, 1, iNOS↓, 2, JNK↓, 1, MAPK↓, 1,

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

cJun↓, 1, p‑cJun↓, 1,

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

HSP70/HSPA5↑, 1,

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

DNAdam↓, 1,

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

cFos↓, 1,

Migration ⓘ

MMP1↓, 1, MMP2↓, 2, MMP9↓, 1, VCAM-1↓, 1,

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

NO↓, 4,

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX2↓, 2, IL1β↓, 2, IL6↓, 2, Inflam↓, 3, MCP1↓, 1, NF-kB↓, 3, p65↓, 1, PGE2↓, 1, TNF-α↓, 2,

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

AChE↓, 1,

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 2, BioAv↑, 1,

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

IL6↓, 2, NOS2↓, 1,

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

hepatoP↑, 1, motorD↑, 1, neuroP↑, 1, Pain↓, 1, toxicity∅, 2,
Total Targets: 47

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: NO, Nitric Oxide

5 Propolis -bee glue

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:137  Target#:563  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

Propolis -bee glue / NO Cancer Research Results

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

Cell Death ⓘ

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

Migration ⓘ

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors ⓘ

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

Cell Death ⓘ

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

Migration ⓘ

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

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