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| Curcumin is the main active ingredient in Tumeric. Member of the ginger family.Curcumin is a polyphenol extracted from turmeric with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. - Has iron-chelating, iron-chelating properties. Ferritin. But still known to increase Iron in Cancer cells. - GSH depletion in cancer cells, exhaustion of the antioxidant defense system. But still raises GSH↑ in normal cells. - Higher concentrations (5-10 μM) of curcumin induce autophagy and ROS production - Inhibition of TrxR, shifting the enzyme from an antioxidant to a prooxidant - Strong inhibitor of Glo-I, , causes depletion of cellular ATP and GSH - Curcumin has been found to act as an activator of Nrf2, (maybe bad in cancer cells?), hence could be combined with Nrf2 knockdown -may suppress CSC: suppresses self-renewal and pathways (Wnt/Notch/Hedgehog). Clinical studies testing curcumin in cancer patients have used a range of dosages, often between 500 mg and 8 g per day; however, many studies note that doses on the lower end may not achieve sufficient plasma concentrations for a therapeutic anticancer effect in humans. • Formulations designed to improve curcumin absorption (like curcumin combined with piperine, nanoparticle formulations, or liposomal curcumin) are often employed in clinical trials to enhance its bioavailability. -Note half-life 6 hrs. BioAv is poor, use piperine or other enhancers Pathways: - induce ROS production at high concentration. Lowers ROS at lower concentrations curcumin can act as a pro-oxidant when blue light is applied - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, UPR↑, GRP78↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓ - Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: GSH↓ Catalase↓ HO1↓ GPx↓ but conversely is known as a NRF2↑ activator in cancer - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, NF-κB↓, CXCR4↓, SDF1↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, DNMT1↓, DNMT3A↓, EZH2↓, P53↑, HSP↓, Sp proteins↓, - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, TOP1↓, TET1↓, - inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, HK2↓, ECAR↓, OXPHOS↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓ - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Notch↓, FGF↓, PDGF↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓, - inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, CK2↓, Hh↓, GLi1↓, CD133↓, CD24↓, β-catenin↓, n-myc↓, sox2↓, OCT4↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK↓, ERK↓, JNK, TrxR**, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells
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| A cytokine that regulates humoral and adaptive immunity, and is involved in allergies and regulates inflammation. IL-4 produced by cancer cells promotes resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). The close correlation between interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor progression has been observed in plenty of studies. IL-4 is expressed in various cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and hematological malignancies. Its expression can vary depending on the tumor type and the immune context. Elevated levels of IL-4 are often associated with the presence of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, particularly Th2 cells and other immune cells that produce IL-4. IL-4 is often considered a pro-tumorigenic cytokine. It can promote tumor growth and survival by enhancing the proliferation and survival of cancer cells. IL-4 can activate signaling pathways such as the STAT6 pathway, which is associated with cell proliferation and survival. In some cancers, IL-4 can also promote angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, which is critical for tumor growth and metastasis. |
| 3794- | CUR, | Curcumin hybrid molecules for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Structure and pharmacological activities |
| - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 2818- | CUR, | Novel Insight to Neuroprotective Potential of Curcumin: A Mechanistic Review of Possible Involvement of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and PI3/Akt/ GSK3 or PI3/Akt/CREB/BDNF Signaling Pathways |
| - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 3581- | CUR, | Curcumin Attenuated Neurotoxicity in Sporadic Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease |
| - | NA, | AD, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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